Part 1
Translation from English into Chinese 2 hours

Read the following two passages.
Translate them into Chinese.
Write you answers on this paper.
You may use the additional paper for any rough work but you must copy your answers onto this paper.

Passage 1
Artificial speech

Because speech is the most convenient form of communication, in the future we want essentially natural conversations with computers. The primary point of contact will be a simple device that will act as our window on the world. You will simply talk to it. The device will be permanently connected to the internet and will beep relevant information up to you as it comes in.

Just how quickly people will adapt to a voice-based internet world is uncertain. Many believe that, initially at least, we will need similar conventions for the voice to those we use at present on screen: click, back, forward, and so on. But soon you will undoubtedly be able to interact by voice with all those IT-based services you currently connect with over the Internet by means of a keyboard. This will help the Internet serve the entire population, not just techno-freaks.
Changes like this will encompass the whole world. Because English is the language of science, it will probably remain the language in which the technology is most advanced, but most speech-recognition techniques are transferable to other languages provided there is sufficient motivation to undertake the work.
Within ten years we will have computers that respond to goal-directed conversations, but for a computer to have a conversation that takes into account human social behaviour is probably 50 years off. We’re not going to be chatting to the big screen in the living room just yet.
There are those in the IT community who believe that current techniques will eventually hit a brick wall. Personally, I believe that incremental developments in performance are more likely. But it’s true that by about 2040 or so, computer architectures will need to become highly parallel if performance is to keep increasing. Perhaps that will inspire some radically new approaches to speech understanding that will supplant the methods we’re developing now.

Small vendors engage in simple spot-market transactions, with buyers and sellers dealing face to face to trade fairly standard products whose quality is easy to verify. Lange multinational firms exchange more differentiated products, face greater difficulties in verifying quality, and must span greater separations in time and space between one part of the transaction and the other. Most economies have both types of markets. But the first is relatively more common in developing countries, the second in industrial economies.

Developed markets- more global, more inclusive, and more integrated-offer more opportunity and choice. Underdeveloped markets, more likely in poor countries, tend to be more local and segmented. So, compared with farmers in Canada, poor farmers in Bangladesh have fewer opportunities and far fewer formal institutions (such as banks and formal courts ) to reduce their risks and increase their opportunities.

What limits market opportunities? The transaction costs stemming from inadequate information and incomplete definition and enforcement of property rights. And barriers to entry for new participants. What increases them? Institutions that raise the returns from market exchange, reduce risk, and increase efficiency.

Yet not all institutions promote inclusive markets. Institutional designs that evolve through historical circumstances or are directed by policy makers are not necessarily the best for all of society or for economic growth and poverty reduction. For instance, state agricultural marketing boards, instead of helping farmers, have often resulted in lower incomes for them in Africa. And institutions that once supported market transactions can outlive their usefulness, for example, privatization agencies and bank restructuring agencies. The challenge for policymakers is to shape institutional development in ways that enhance economic development.

Part 2
Translation from Chinese into English 2 hours

Read the following two passages.
Translate them into Chinese.
Write you answers on this paper.
You may use the additional paper for any rough work but you must copy your answers onto this paper.
Passage 1

保姆校長

常常聽到一些大學(xué)校長說：“我把學(xué)生當(dāng)自己的兒女看待。”他也真做得像個嚴(yán)父慈母：規(guī)定學(xué)生睡眠要足8小時，清晨6點必須起床做操，不許穿拖鞋在校內(nèi)行走，等等。
我一直以為大學(xué)校長是高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚、指導(dǎo)學(xué)術(shù)與教育大方向的決策人，而不是管饅頭稀飯的保姆。教育者或許會說：“這些學(xué)生如果進大學(xué)以前，就已經(jīng)學(xué)好自治自律的話，我就不必如此喂之哺之；就是因為基礎(chǔ)教育沒教好，所以我辦大學(xué)的人不得不教。”
聽起來有理，可是學(xué)生之所以在小學(xué)、中學(xué)12年間沒有學(xué)會自治自律，就是因為他們一直接受喂哺式的輔導(dǎo)，大學(xué)再來繼續(xù)進行“育嬰”，這豈不是一個沒完沒了的惡性循環(huán)？我們對大學(xué)教育的期許是什么？教出一個言聽計從、循規(guī)蹈矩的學(xué)生，還是教出一個自己會看情況、做決定的學(xué)生？

Passage 2

發(fā)展問題

發(fā)展問題一直是世界各國普遍關(guān)注的問題。大部分發(fā)展中國家取得獨立后，在發(fā)展民族經(jīng)濟、改變貧窮落后面貌、縮小同發(fā)達(dá)國家的經(jīng)濟差距等方面，取得了巨大成績。一些國家實現(xiàn)了經(jīng)濟“起飛”，甚至創(chuàng)造了“奇跡”。經(jīng)濟增長是社會發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)，但有增長不一定有發(fā)展。為了避免“有增長、無發(fā)展”的現(xiàn)象，世界各國都把可持續(xù)發(fā)展作為國家宏觀經(jīng)濟發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略的一種重要選擇，并深刻認(rèn)識到，人類需要一個持續(xù)發(fā)展的途徑。這是人類發(fā)展觀的重大轉(zhuǎn)折，具有深遠(yuǎn)的歷史意義。
然而，在保持生態(tài)環(huán)境問題上，發(fā)展中國家存在的問題較為嚴(yán)重。特別是，一些發(fā)展中國家或沒有認(rèn)識到可持續(xù)發(fā)展的深刻內(nèi)涵，或認(rèn)識得很不深刻，采取的不得力。因此，在今后制定新的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略時，把可持續(xù)發(fā)展作為一個突出的重要內(nèi)容，是大多數(shù)發(fā)展中國家面臨的迫切和艱巨的任務(wù)。