2011年8月GMAT作文機(jī)經(jīng)AI(至8.14)
32. the rise of multinational corporations is leading global homogenity,因為不同地方的人都可以得到相同的products and services,所以the rigional differences is rapidly disappearing.
V2. the rise of multinational corporations 促進(jìn)了不同地區(qū)人的homogenization. 因為人們越來越使用同樣的products.
33. people are likely to accept a leader who has the ability to finish the task that he or she expects others to perform.
題庫原題：33. “People are likely to accept as a leader only someone who has demonstrated an ability to perform the same tasks that he or she expects others to perform.”
提供觀點(diǎn)：
1. 人們不會尊重一個不能完成他要求別人完成的任務(wù)自己卻不能完成的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。這是人之常情，人們通常都只會欣賞和尊敬比自己優(yōu)秀的人，而不喜歡被一個不能完成任務(wù)卻命令自己去做的人心存敬意。例如克林頓總統(tǒng)當(dāng)commander-in-chief 的時候，由于眾所周知他曾經(jīng)逃避兵役，很自然的下級軍官和士兵都不是很尊重他。
2. 人們不信任一個自己完不成任務(wù)卻要求別人去完成的人。仍然舉克林頓總統(tǒng)的例子。由于他逃兵役被視為沒有能力，下級都對他的決策心存懷疑，這也就潛在的導(dǎo)致了執(zhí)行上的不盡心不盡力。
3. 誠然是否能完成自己交給別人的任務(wù)并不是衡量一個leader重要指標(biāo)�？赡茴I(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力、,組織能力、運(yùn)籌能力更為重要，但是我們不能忽視人們心理上的看法，盡管它可能并不合理但它確實是存在的。
normal human feelings admire adore respect superior to evade escape military service subordinate soldier be doubtful of be suspicious of execution implement admittedly true potentially evaluate index leadership psychological psychology psychological psychologist exist subsist ...in ... serves as a fitting and public example 1.
誠然，如果在其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的領(lǐng)域內(nèi)幾乎一竅不通，一個領(lǐng)導(dǎo)很難得到下屬的信任和支持，會被看作layperson.
比如，人們無法想象一個不具備任何電腦知識的人，該如何領(lǐng)導(dǎo)一個龐大的IT企業(yè)，比如MICROSOFT在激烈的市場中競爭。
2.
但是，這是否意味著作為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，必須要有能力完成每一項他要求下屬做的事呢？這個問題，與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和員工的真正作用有很大關(guān)系！首先，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的職責(zé)是制定長期的發(fā)展方針，并且保證這個方針的貫徹執(zhí)行，adhere
to their strategic plans不被偏離。組織員工共同合作完成任務(wù)。on the other hand,
員工的作用是各司其職，更加具體的specific task.
3. 從以上兩種職責(zé)不難看出，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)與員工起到significantly different
functions，讓領(lǐng)導(dǎo)完成每一個subordinate要做的工作，unfair的。比如，不能blame a CEO for lacking the
skills of typing。要對下屬做的事有很好的了解，但不一定都要做。否則，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)就失去了意義，成為了一個全能的工人。omnipotent worker
with all kinds of skills.
View1: It is human nature to admire then follow someone who is more competent than themselves.
View2: But a feature of a good leader is to organize people with different specialties together and let them perform as a whole. It is too ideal to expect the leaders to have all the specialties of his subordinates.范文：People are more likely to accept the leadership of those who have shown they can perform the same tasks they require of others. My reasons for this view involve the notions of respect and trust. It is difficult for people to fully respect a leader who cannot, or will not, do what he or she asks of others. President Clinton’s difficulty in his role as Commander-in-Chief (n. 總司令) serves as a fitting and very public example. When Clinton assumed this leadership position, it was well known that he had evaded military service during the Vietnam conflict. Military leaders and lower-level personnel alike made it clear that they did not respect his leadership as a result. Contrast the Clinton case with that of a business leader such as John Chambers, CEO of Cisco Systems, who by way of his training and experience as a computer engineer earned the respect of his employees. It is likewise difficult to trust leaders who do not have experience in the areas under their leadership. The Clinton example illustrates this point as well. Because President Clinton lacked military experience, people in the armed forces found it difficult to trust that his policies would reflect any understanding of their interests or needs. And when put to the test, he undermined their trust to an even greater extent with his naive and largely bungled attempt to solve the problem of gays (<美俚> 同性戀者, 尤指男性同性者) in the military. In stark contrast, President Dwight Eisenhower inspired nearly devotional trust as well as respect because of his role as a military hero in World War II.
In conclusion, it will always be difficult for people to accept leaders who lack demonstrated ability in the areas under their leadership. Initially, such leaders will be regarded as outsiders, and treated accordingly. Moreover, some may never achieve the insider status that inspires respect and trust from those they hope to lead.
34.合并至10
10. “Responsibility for preserving the natural environment ultimately belongs to each individual person, not to government.”
“保護(hù)自然環(huán)境的責(zé)任完全屬于每個個人，而非政府�！�
View1: Experience tells us that individuals tend to act on behalf of their own short-term economic and political interest, not on behalf of the environment or the public at large.
View2:the government has certain advantages in preserving the environment.
Evidence:the government can place certain regulations on the wastes and pollutants towards environment emitted by industries.
Fines deprived from corporations and individual ones that disobey the environmental regulations can be used on many ways such as preserve the forests, planting trees, create conserved areas that will improve our current situations.
范文：
While nearly everyone would agree in principle that certain efforts to preserve the natural environment are in humankind’s best interest, environmental issues always involve a tug of war (n. 拔河, 兩派間的激烈競爭) among conflicting political and economic interests. For this reason, and because serious environmental problems are generally large in scale, government participation is needed to ensure environmental preservation.
Experience tells us that individuals (and private corporations owned by individuals) tend to act on behalf of their own short-term economic and political interest, not on behalf of the environment or the public at large. For example, current technology makes possible the complete elimination of polluting emissions from automobiles. Nevertheless, neither automobile manufacturers nor consumers are willing or able to voluntarily make the short-term sacrifices necessary to accomplish this goal. Only the government holds the regulatory and enforcement power to impose the necessary standards and to ensure that we achieve such goals.
Aside from the problems of self-interest and enforcement, environmental issues inherently involve public health and are far too pandemic in nature for individuals to solve on their own. Many of the most egregious environmental violations traverse state and sometimes national borders. Environmental hazards are akin to those involving food and drug safety and to protecting borders against enemies; individuals have neither the power nor the resources to address these widespread hazards.
In the final analysis, only the authority and scope of power that a government possesses can ensure the attainment of agreed-upon environmental goals. Because individuals are incapable of assuming this responsibility, government must do so.
35.人們是不是應(yīng)該不遵守那些他們認(rèn)為不公正的法律。
“There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws。”
有兩種法律：公正和不公正的。每個社會成員都有責(zé)任遵守公正的法律，但更重要的是，更應(yīng)該不遵守和反抗不公正的法律。
論證分析：
當(dāng)我們面對司法改革，提出探討司法理念時，往往會以“什么是司法的公正”、
“什么是法官的美德”等這樣的形式提出問題。這種形式的問題所問的是關(guān)于一般的公正和美德的問題。在司法的實踐中，對于具體的判決，人們一般是能夠評判是否公正的，而問題是評判有無共性呢？如果不存在，那么人們的評判又是以什么為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的呢？如果存在，那它又是怎樣存在的呢？存在于哪里？而依照西方哲學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)，這種存在于我們可感知的具體事物之外的東西就是法的理念。
眾所周知，亞里土多德曾說過，要實現(xiàn)法治必須具備兩個因素：其一，所有人都服從法律；其二，被遵守的法律本身是良好的法律。
亞里土多德的說法看似全面，但在實踐中可能并不有效。比如什么是良法，比如有人對允許墮胎、 安樂死、 同性戀的法律持有尖銳不同的觀點(diǎn)。
有人認(rèn)為允許墮胎維護(hù)了女性的自身權(quán)利，允許安樂死和同性戀表現(xiàn)了對個人自由意志和愿望的尊重；有人則認(rèn)為允許墮胎是不人道的，沒有保護(hù)胎兒的生存權(quán)利，允許安樂死違背了人的生存主旨，允許同性戀則敗壞了社會的道德風(fēng)氣。在這種情況下，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)定誰的觀念是正確的？
我們又依據(jù)什么權(quán)力和所謂的理性剝奪和否定另外一些人的觀念呢？此外，人們對某一事物的好壞認(rèn)識會隨時間的推移而發(fā)生變化，從前認(rèn)為良好的法律現(xiàn)在可能認(rèn)為不好，這時又怎么辦呢？因此，當(dāng)認(rèn)為某些法律不是良好的法律時，人們便會認(rèn)為自己沒有服從的義務(wù)，這樣便會出現(xiàn)不服從法律的現(xiàn)象。進(jìn)而言之，堅持“良好的法律”這一概念可能會使法治處于困難的境地。
范文：
Should we obey an unjust law? According to the theory of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 18th century French political philosopher, in a democratic society the state represents the general will of the citizens, and that in obeying its laws each citizen is pursuing his own real interests. Thus, in an ideal state, laws express the general will. An individual who disagrees with a law must be failing to look at things from the moral standpoint. Rousseau is talking about an ideal state where laws express people’s general will, a will that aims at the common good. But the question is: are we living in an ideal state and do all the laws of our land express the common will of the people and should we obey all the laws even if they are unjust? The answer to this question can be different for different people
36. Scientists are continually redefining the standards for what is beneficial or harmful to the environment. Since these standards keep shifting, companies should resist changing their products and processes in response to each new recommendation until those recommendations become government regulations.”
“科學(xué)家在不斷重新制定對環(huán)境什么是有利的，什么是有害的的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。由于這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不停變動，面對新建議，公司應(yīng)該保持他們的產(chǎn)品和流程不變直到新的建議成為國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為止。”
提供觀點(diǎn)：
1. 科學(xué)家的建議也并不一定都是正確的。很有可能他的結(jié)論適用面很窄�；蛘咚玫降臄�(shù)據(jù)有錯誤等等。
2. 對企業(yè)來說頻繁的變更產(chǎn)品和生產(chǎn)流程會造成很大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失
3. 誠然等待國家制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)很可能存在滯后等問題但是比較起來以上的問題還是應(yīng)該等待國家制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。此外一個折中的方案是國家成立專門的機(jī)構(gòu)快速地對新的方案和建議做出評價并迅速制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 北美范文：
The speaker argues that because scientists continually shift viewpoints about how our actions affect the natural environment, companies should not change their products and processes according to scientific recommendations until the government requires them to do so. This argument raises complex issues about the duties of business and aboutregulatory fairness and effectiveness. Although a wait-and-see policy may help companies avoid costly and unnecessary changes, three countervailing considerations compel me to disagree overall with the argument.
First, a regulatory system of environmental protection might not operate equitably. At first glance, a wait-and-see response might seem fair in that all companies would be subject to the same standards and same enforcement measures.
However, enforcement requires detection, and while some violators may be caught, others might not. Moreover, a broad regulatory system imposes general standards that may not apply equitably to every company. Suppose, for example, that pollution from a company in a valley does more damage to the environment than similar pollution from a company>in the extreme, to shut down the operation if the company cannot afford abatement measures.
Secondly, the argument assumes that the government regulations will properly reflect scientific recommendations. However, this claim is somewhat dubious. Companies with the most money and political influence, not the scientists, might in some cases dictate regulatory standards. In other words, legislators may be more influenced by political expediency and campaign pork than by societal concerns.
Thirdly, waiting until government regulations are in place can have disastrous effects>EPAmight be overburdened with its detection and enforcement duties, thereby allowing continued environmental damage by companies who have not yet been caught or who appeal penalties.
In conclusion, despite uncertainty within the scientific community about what environmental standards are best, companies should not wait for government regulation before reacting to warnings about environmental problems. The speaker’s recommended approach would in many cases operate inequitably among companies: moreover, it ignores the political-corruption factor as well as the potential environmental damage resulting from bureaucratic delay.
37.科技發(fā)展和demande 的改變讓很多人不適應(yīng)工作，到底是政府和公司負(fù)責(zé)還是個人對這事負(fù)責(zé)。
考古：
No.87“As technologies and the demand for certain services change, many workers will lose their jobs. The responsibility for those people to adjust to such change should belong to the individual worker, not to government or to business.”
“當(dāng)某項特定服務(wù)的技術(shù)和需求改變時，很多工人將失業(yè)。適應(yīng)這種改變的責(zé)任屬于每個工人而不是政府或企業(yè)。”
提供觀點(diǎn)：
1、 個人確實應(yīng)該首先take the chief responsibility of their job obsolescence. 因為對自己的生活負(fù)責(zé)的人，首先是自己�，F(xiàn)在的社會也提供了機(jī)會：很多學(xué)校提供短期的培訓(xùn)，人們可以參加保持自己keep up with the changes of the technologies and new direction of businesses。第二，只有個人采取主動，才能從根本上解決問題。否則merely rely on the help coming from government or business，人們會變得消極become passive and lose enterprise. 長期以來，對整個社會都有negative impact on the further development of one society.
2、 但是，這不是說企業(yè)不應(yīng)該負(fù)責(zé)。after all, 是企業(yè)作出了創(chuàng)新和改變，并且造成了這些改變——并且造成了job obsolescence。應(yīng)該為這些負(fù)責(zé)任。比如，為員工提供opportunity of training for the new technique…，這樣也可以節(jié)約重新培訓(xùn)totally new employee的cost。
3、 Moreover, 政府也應(yīng)該采取一些行動。政府作為一個社會的管理者supervisor，有責(zé)任保證全社會的well being. 應(yīng)該幫助個人完成適應(yīng)adjustment. 可以通過提供一些insurance for unemployment, advice for the occupational choice, necessary information of the new trend of business…
北美范文：
As technology and changing social needs render more and more jobs obsolete, who is responsible for helpingdisplaced workers adjust? While individuals have primary responsibility for learning new skills and finding work, both industry and government have some obligation to provide them the means of doing so.
l agree that individuals must assume primary responsibility for adjusting to job obsolescence, especially since our educational system has been preparing us for it. For decades, our schools have been counseling young people to expect and prepare for numerous major career changes during their lives. And concerned educatorshave recognized and responded to this eventuality with a broader base of practical and theoretical courseworkthat affords students the flexibility to move from one career to another.
However, industry should bear some of the responsibility as well. It is industry, after all, that determines the particular directions technological progress and subsequent social change will take. And since industry is mainly responsible for worker displacement, it has a duty to help displaced workers adjust—through such means ason-site training programs and stipends for further education.
Government should also assume some of the responsibility, since it is partly government money that fuels technological progress in industry. Moreover, government should help because it can help—for example, by ensuring that grants and federally insured student loans are available to those who must retool in order to find new work. Government can also help by observing and recording trends in worker displacement and in job opportunities, and by providing this information to individuals so that they can make prudent decisions about their own further education and job searches.
In conclusion, while individuals should be prepared for future job changes, both government and industryshoulder obligations to provide training programs, funding and information that will help displaced workers successfully retool and find new employment.
38.說建議安裝攝像頭，可以幫助law 去enforce official神馬的，而且可以幫助identify和arrest那些個做壞事滴人兒
考古：
[v1] the surveillance cameras are helpful for the police officials to identify and arrest someone who breaks the law.
[v2] 監(jiān)視攝像頭安裝在城市街道上有助于law enforcement officials to identify the people who break the law.
[v3] using the cameras helps the laws enforcement officials in identifying and arresting the people who breaks the law.
提供思路：
cameras 可以記錄犯罪過程，確定犯罪時間，罪犯人數(shù)等，使得officials在辦案中節(jié)省時間，提高準(zhǔn)確度。夜間監(jiān)視停車場、建筑物樓梯或走廊以及街道等不顯眼的區(qū)域是有效的，還可以起到震懾潛在的罪犯的作用。
cameras的使用要注意，需要嚴(yán)加監(jiān)管，以防侵犯老百姓的隱私
雖然有用，也得考慮下成本效益啊
39. How should people be paid depend on how beneficial their profession is to society .
考古:
V1大概就是paid should be paid according to the beneficial the profession to society
V2一個人的PAY取決于How beneficial his profession is to the society
提供觀點(diǎn)：
[反駁]重點(diǎn)放在professional上，專業(yè)知識固然重要，但一個人的工作能力不是僅憑專業(yè)技術(shù)能評定的，還有處理問題的能力、創(chuàng)新能力、和上下級溝通的能力等等
[同意]工資依能力而定，能帶給社會更大的貢獻(xiàn)，理應(yīng)獲得更高的收入
40. 節(jié)約能源需要國際合作和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力，而不能靠個別國家的犧牲。
No.2“It is unrealistic to expect individual nations to make, independently, the sacrifices necessary to conserve energy. International leadership and worldwide cooperation are essential if we expect to protect the world’s energy resources for future generations.”
“指望單個國家獨(dú)立地作出必要的犧牲來保存能源是不現(xiàn)實的。如果我們希望為下一代保護(hù)世界的能源資源，國際領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力量和全球性的公司是基本的�！�
2011年8月gmat作文機(jī)經(jīng)AI(至8.14)來源：天道 【考試大：中國教育考試第一門戶】 2011年8月14日 提供觀點(diǎn)：
1， 首先，雖然不愿意，但仍然要承認(rèn)，自私幾乎是天性。self consideration優(yōu)先。在沒有廣泛的行動時，每一個國家都不愿意在自己作出犧牲的同時，其他國家沒有行動。這樣不公平，也不可能達(dá)到。這時，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的作用很重要。安排各國家工作，協(xié)調(diào)各國家活動。有一個行動的指導(dǎo)作用。function as the leader of the group.
2， 而且，保護(hù)資源是全球的問題，指望單個國家作出犧牲是不夠的。因為在全球化經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展下，資源幾乎是全球運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的。比如，美國會向中國進(jìn)口木材等原料。所以需要合作。大的跨國公司在其中扮演重要的角色。比如，開發(fā)非洲的，有很多是歐洲的公司，跨國公司的舉動會影響到很多國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策。nuclear weapons proliferation the problem of energy conservation transcends the national borders in that either all nations must cooperate, or all will suffer.(sample上的句子)
3， 當(dāng)然，這樣是不夠的，必須由各個國家充分地發(fā)揮主動的作用take positive action。因為資源是全人類的，每個國家都有責(zé)任并且都有必要。只有將統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)與各國的積極性作用一起結(jié)合，才是effective的方法。
北美范文：
The speaker asserts that an international effort is needed to preserve the world’s energy resources for future generations. While individual nations, like people, are at times willing to make voluntary sacrifices for the benefit of others, my view is that international coordination is nevertheless necessary in light ofthe strong propensity of nations to act selfishly, and because the problem is international in scope.
The main reason why an international effort is necessary is that, left to their own devices, individual nations, like people, will act according to their short-term motives and self-interest. The mere existence of military weapons indicates that self-interest and national survival are every nation’s prime drivers. And excessive consumption by industrialized nations of natural resources they know to be finite, when alternatives are at hand demonstrates that self-interest and short-sightedness extend to the use of energy resources as well. Furthermore, nations, like people, tend to rationalize their own self-serving policies and actions. Emerging nations might argue, for example, that they should be exempt fromenergy conservation because it is the industrialized nations who can better afford to make sacrifices and who use more resources in the first place.
Another reason why an international effort is required is that other problems of an international nature have also required global cooperation. For example, has each nation independently recognized the follyof nuclear weapons proliferation and voluntarily disarmed? No: only by way of an international effort, based largely on coercion of strong leaders against detractors, along with an appeal to self-interest, have we made some progress. By the same token, efforts of individual nations to thwart international drug trafficking have proven largely futile, because efforts have not been internationally based. Similarly, the problem of energy conservation transcends national borders in that either all nations must cooperate, or all will ultimately suffer.
In conclusion, nations are made up of individuals who, when left unconstrained, tend to act in their own self-interest and with short-term motives. In light of how we have dealt, or not dealt, with other global problems, it appears that an international effort is needed to ensure the preservation of natural resources for future generations.41. Portrayals of violence have proven commercially successful in television
programs, movies, songs, and other forms of popular entertainment. Therefore,
those who create popular entertainment should continue to incorporate violence
into their products.
中文的大概意思是－在電視節(jié)目、電影、歌曲及其他形式的大眾娛樂節(jié)目中加入暴力被證明是成功的商業(yè)模式。因此，那些創(chuàng)做流行的娛樂節(jié)目的人應(yīng)該繼續(xù)將其納入到自己的產(chǎn)品中去。
考古：
Popular entertainment is overly influenced by commercial interests. Superficiality, obscenity, and violence characterize films and televsion today
because those qualities are commercially successful.
北美范文：
Clearly, most popular films and television shows are superficial and/or include a certain amount of violence or obscenity. Just as clearly, popularity leads to commercial success. But can we conclude that these productions are overly influenced by commercial interests? Perhaps not, since some popular films and television shows are neither superficial, obscene, nor violent. Closer scrutiny,
however, reveals that most such productionsactually support, not disprove, the thesis that commercial interests dictate movie and television content.
(有必要作這樣的二次轉(zhuǎn)折？)
One would-be (自稱自許的)threat to the thesis can be found in lower-budget independent films, which tend to focus more on character development and topical social issues than on sensationalism. Recently, a few such films have supplanted
Hollywood’s major studioproductions as top box-office (adj. 票房的) hits. Does this mean that profit potential no longer dictates the content of films? No; it simply suggests that the tastes and preferences of the movie-going public are shifting.A second ostensible challenge to the thesis can be found in companies such as Disney, whose productions continue to achieve great popularity and
commercial success, without resort to an appeal to baser interests. Yet it is because these productions are commercially successful that they proliferate.
The only cogent challenge to the thesis is found in perennial television favorites such as “Nova,” a public television show that is neither commercially supported nor influenced. However, such shows are more in the nature of education than entertainment, and for every one program like “Nova” there are several equally popular—and highly superficial—programs.
With few exceptions, then, commercial success of certain films and television shows is no accidental byproduct of popularity; it is the intentional result of producers’ efforts to maximize profits.
42. Because of high-profile status andaccess to resources, celebrities has uniquely addressed in social problems.(后面的半句記得不太準(zhǔn)確，大概就是名人階層對社會問題的作用吧)
V1. celebrities are uniquely qualified to address social problem.
V2. celebrities qualify uniquely and effectively to address social problems because they 有好的身份地位和更容易獲得某些資源~
V3. celebrities are uniquely qualified to address the social problems because their social status and have access to the information.
V4. Because celebrities have more access to resources, they enjoy more advantages to address the social problems。
考古：
v1celebrities are uniquely qualified to address the social problems
v2Celebrities are uniquely qualified to efficiently address social problems, because of their high-profile status and access to resources.
32. the rise of multinational corporations is leading global homogenity,因為不同地方的人都可以得到相同的products and services,所以the rigional differences is rapidly disappearing.
V2. the rise of multinational corporations 促進(jìn)了不同地區(qū)人的homogenization. 因為人們越來越使用同樣的products.
33. people are likely to accept a leader who has the ability to finish the task that he or she expects others to perform.
題庫原題：33. “People are likely to accept as a leader only someone who has demonstrated an ability to perform the same tasks that he or she expects others to perform.”
提供觀點(diǎn)：
1. 人們不會尊重一個不能完成他要求別人完成的任務(wù)自己卻不能完成的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)。這是人之常情，人們通常都只會欣賞和尊敬比自己優(yōu)秀的人，而不喜歡被一個不能完成任務(wù)卻命令自己去做的人心存敬意。例如克林頓總統(tǒng)當(dāng)commander-in-chief 的時候，由于眾所周知他曾經(jīng)逃避兵役，很自然的下級軍官和士兵都不是很尊重他。
2. 人們不信任一個自己完不成任務(wù)卻要求別人去完成的人。仍然舉克林頓總統(tǒng)的例子。由于他逃兵役被視為沒有能力，下級都對他的決策心存懷疑，這也就潛在的導(dǎo)致了執(zhí)行上的不盡心不盡力。
3. 誠然是否能完成自己交給別人的任務(wù)并不是衡量一個leader重要指標(biāo)�？赡茴I(lǐng)導(dǎo)能力、,組織能力、運(yùn)籌能力更為重要，但是我們不能忽視人們心理上的看法，盡管它可能并不合理但它確實是存在的。
normal human feelings admire adore respect superior to evade escape military service subordinate soldier be doubtful of be suspicious of execution implement admittedly true potentially evaluate index leadership psychological psychology psychological psychologist exist subsist ...in ... serves as a fitting and public example 1.
誠然，如果在其領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的領(lǐng)域內(nèi)幾乎一竅不通，一個領(lǐng)導(dǎo)很難得到下屬的信任和支持，會被看作layperson.
比如，人們無法想象一個不具備任何電腦知識的人，該如何領(lǐng)導(dǎo)一個龐大的IT企業(yè)，比如MICROSOFT在激烈的市場中競爭。
2.
但是，這是否意味著作為領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，必須要有能力完成每一項他要求下屬做的事呢？這個問題，與領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和員工的真正作用有很大關(guān)系！首先，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的職責(zé)是制定長期的發(fā)展方針，并且保證這個方針的貫徹執(zhí)行，adhere
to their strategic plans不被偏離。組織員工共同合作完成任務(wù)。on the other hand,
員工的作用是各司其職，更加具體的specific task.
3. 從以上兩種職責(zé)不難看出，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)與員工起到significantly different
functions，讓領(lǐng)導(dǎo)完成每一個subordinate要做的工作，unfair的。比如，不能blame a CEO for lacking the
skills of typing。要對下屬做的事有很好的了解，但不一定都要做。否則，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)就失去了意義，成為了一個全能的工人。omnipotent worker
with all kinds of skills.
View1: It is human nature to admire then follow someone who is more competent than themselves.
View2: But a feature of a good leader is to organize people with different specialties together and let them perform as a whole. It is too ideal to expect the leaders to have all the specialties of his subordinates.范文：People are more likely to accept the leadership of those who have shown they can perform the same tasks they require of others. My reasons for this view involve the notions of respect and trust. It is difficult for people to fully respect a leader who cannot, or will not, do what he or she asks of others. President Clinton’s difficulty in his role as Commander-in-Chief (n. 總司令) serves as a fitting and very public example. When Clinton assumed this leadership position, it was well known that he had evaded military service during the Vietnam conflict. Military leaders and lower-level personnel alike made it clear that they did not respect his leadership as a result. Contrast the Clinton case with that of a business leader such as John Chambers, CEO of Cisco Systems, who by way of his training and experience as a computer engineer earned the respect of his employees. It is likewise difficult to trust leaders who do not have experience in the areas under their leadership. The Clinton example illustrates this point as well. Because President Clinton lacked military experience, people in the armed forces found it difficult to trust that his policies would reflect any understanding of their interests or needs. And when put to the test, he undermined their trust to an even greater extent with his naive and largely bungled attempt to solve the problem of gays (<美俚> 同性戀者, 尤指男性同性者) in the military. In stark contrast, President Dwight Eisenhower inspired nearly devotional trust as well as respect because of his role as a military hero in World War II.
In conclusion, it will always be difficult for people to accept leaders who lack demonstrated ability in the areas under their leadership. Initially, such leaders will be regarded as outsiders, and treated accordingly. Moreover, some may never achieve the insider status that inspires respect and trust from those they hope to lead.
34.合并至10
10. “Responsibility for preserving the natural environment ultimately belongs to each individual person, not to government.”
“保護(hù)自然環(huán)境的責(zé)任完全屬于每個個人，而非政府�！�
View1: Experience tells us that individuals tend to act on behalf of their own short-term economic and political interest, not on behalf of the environment or the public at large.
View2:the government has certain advantages in preserving the environment.
Evidence:the government can place certain regulations on the wastes and pollutants towards environment emitted by industries.
Fines deprived from corporations and individual ones that disobey the environmental regulations can be used on many ways such as preserve the forests, planting trees, create conserved areas that will improve our current situations.
范文：
While nearly everyone would agree in principle that certain efforts to preserve the natural environment are in humankind’s best interest, environmental issues always involve a tug of war (n. 拔河, 兩派間的激烈競爭) among conflicting political and economic interests. For this reason, and because serious environmental problems are generally large in scale, government participation is needed to ensure environmental preservation.
Experience tells us that individuals (and private corporations owned by individuals) tend to act on behalf of their own short-term economic and political interest, not on behalf of the environment or the public at large. For example, current technology makes possible the complete elimination of polluting emissions from automobiles. Nevertheless, neither automobile manufacturers nor consumers are willing or able to voluntarily make the short-term sacrifices necessary to accomplish this goal. Only the government holds the regulatory and enforcement power to impose the necessary standards and to ensure that we achieve such goals.
Aside from the problems of self-interest and enforcement, environmental issues inherently involve public health and are far too pandemic in nature for individuals to solve on their own. Many of the most egregious environmental violations traverse state and sometimes national borders. Environmental hazards are akin to those involving food and drug safety and to protecting borders against enemies; individuals have neither the power nor the resources to address these widespread hazards.
In the final analysis, only the authority and scope of power that a government possesses can ensure the attainment of agreed-upon environmental goals. Because individuals are incapable of assuming this responsibility, government must do so.
35.人們是不是應(yīng)該不遵守那些他們認(rèn)為不公正的法律。
“There are two types of laws: just and unjust. Every individual in a society has a responsibility to obey just laws and, even more importantly, to disobey and resist unjust laws。”
有兩種法律：公正和不公正的。每個社會成員都有責(zé)任遵守公正的法律，但更重要的是，更應(yīng)該不遵守和反抗不公正的法律。
論證分析：
當(dāng)我們面對司法改革，提出探討司法理念時，往往會以“什么是司法的公正”、
“什么是法官的美德”等這樣的形式提出問題。這種形式的問題所問的是關(guān)于一般的公正和美德的問題。在司法的實踐中，對于具體的判決，人們一般是能夠評判是否公正的，而問題是評判有無共性呢？如果不存在，那么人們的評判又是以什么為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的呢？如果存在，那它又是怎樣存在的呢？存在于哪里？而依照西方哲學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)，這種存在于我們可感知的具體事物之外的東西就是法的理念。
眾所周知，亞里土多德曾說過，要實現(xiàn)法治必須具備兩個因素：其一，所有人都服從法律；其二，被遵守的法律本身是良好的法律。
亞里土多德的說法看似全面，但在實踐中可能并不有效。比如什么是良法，比如有人對允許墮胎、 安樂死、 同性戀的法律持有尖銳不同的觀點(diǎn)。
有人認(rèn)為允許墮胎維護(hù)了女性的自身權(quán)利，允許安樂死和同性戀表現(xiàn)了對個人自由意志和愿望的尊重；有人則認(rèn)為允許墮胎是不人道的，沒有保護(hù)胎兒的生存權(quán)利，允許安樂死違背了人的生存主旨，允許同性戀則敗壞了社會的道德風(fēng)氣。在這種情況下，我們應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)定誰的觀念是正確的？
我們又依據(jù)什么權(quán)力和所謂的理性剝奪和否定另外一些人的觀念呢？此外，人們對某一事物的好壞認(rèn)識會隨時間的推移而發(fā)生變化，從前認(rèn)為良好的法律現(xiàn)在可能認(rèn)為不好，這時又怎么辦呢？因此，當(dāng)認(rèn)為某些法律不是良好的法律時，人們便會認(rèn)為自己沒有服從的義務(wù)，這樣便會出現(xiàn)不服從法律的現(xiàn)象。進(jìn)而言之，堅持“良好的法律”這一概念可能會使法治處于困難的境地。
范文：
Should we obey an unjust law? According to the theory of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 18th century French political philosopher, in a democratic society the state represents the general will of the citizens, and that in obeying its laws each citizen is pursuing his own real interests. Thus, in an ideal state, laws express the general will. An individual who disagrees with a law must be failing to look at things from the moral standpoint. Rousseau is talking about an ideal state where laws express people’s general will, a will that aims at the common good. But the question is: are we living in an ideal state and do all the laws of our land express the common will of the people and should we obey all the laws even if they are unjust? The answer to this question can be different for different people
36. Scientists are continually redefining the standards for what is beneficial or harmful to the environment. Since these standards keep shifting, companies should resist changing their products and processes in response to each new recommendation until those recommendations become government regulations.”
“科學(xué)家在不斷重新制定對環(huán)境什么是有利的，什么是有害的的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。由于這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不停變動，面對新建議，公司應(yīng)該保持他們的產(chǎn)品和流程不變直到新的建議成為國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為止。”
提供觀點(diǎn)：
1. 科學(xué)家的建議也并不一定都是正確的。很有可能他的結(jié)論適用面很窄�；蛘咚玫降臄�(shù)據(jù)有錯誤等等。
2. 對企業(yè)來說頻繁的變更產(chǎn)品和生產(chǎn)流程會造成很大的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失
3. 誠然等待國家制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)很可能存在滯后等問題但是比較起來以上的問題還是應(yīng)該等待國家制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。此外一個折中的方案是國家成立專門的機(jī)構(gòu)快速地對新的方案和建議做出評價并迅速制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 北美范文：
The speaker argues that because scientists continually shift viewpoints about how our actions affect the natural environment, companies should not change their products and processes according to scientific recommendations until the government requires them to do so. This argument raises complex issues about the duties of business and aboutregulatory fairness and effectiveness. Although a wait-and-see policy may help companies avoid costly and unnecessary changes, three countervailing considerations compel me to disagree overall with the argument.
First, a regulatory system of environmental protection might not operate equitably. At first glance, a wait-and-see response might seem fair in that all companies would be subject to the same standards and same enforcement measures.
However, enforcement requires detection, and while some violators may be caught, others might not. Moreover, a broad regulatory system imposes general standards that may not apply equitably to every company. Suppose, for example, that pollution from a company in a valley does more damage to the environment than similar pollution from a company>in the extreme, to shut down the operation if the company cannot afford abatement measures.
Secondly, the argument assumes that the government regulations will properly reflect scientific recommendations. However, this claim is somewhat dubious. Companies with the most money and political influence, not the scientists, might in some cases dictate regulatory standards. In other words, legislators may be more influenced by political expediency and campaign pork than by societal concerns.
Thirdly, waiting until government regulations are in place can have disastrous effects>EPAmight be overburdened with its detection and enforcement duties, thereby allowing continued environmental damage by companies who have not yet been caught or who appeal penalties.
In conclusion, despite uncertainty within the scientific community about what environmental standards are best, companies should not wait for government regulation before reacting to warnings about environmental problems. The speaker’s recommended approach would in many cases operate inequitably among companies: moreover, it ignores the political-corruption factor as well as the potential environmental damage resulting from bureaucratic delay.
37.科技發(fā)展和demande 的改變讓很多人不適應(yīng)工作，到底是政府和公司負(fù)責(zé)還是個人對這事負(fù)責(zé)。
考古：
No.87“As technologies and the demand for certain services change, many workers will lose their jobs. The responsibility for those people to adjust to such change should belong to the individual worker, not to government or to business.”
“當(dāng)某項特定服務(wù)的技術(shù)和需求改變時，很多工人將失業(yè)。適應(yīng)這種改變的責(zé)任屬于每個工人而不是政府或企業(yè)。”
提供觀點(diǎn)：
1、 個人確實應(yīng)該首先take the chief responsibility of their job obsolescence. 因為對自己的生活負(fù)責(zé)的人，首先是自己�，F(xiàn)在的社會也提供了機(jī)會：很多學(xué)校提供短期的培訓(xùn)，人們可以參加保持自己keep up with the changes of the technologies and new direction of businesses。第二，只有個人采取主動，才能從根本上解決問題。否則merely rely on the help coming from government or business，人們會變得消極become passive and lose enterprise. 長期以來，對整個社會都有negative impact on the further development of one society.
2、 但是，這不是說企業(yè)不應(yīng)該負(fù)責(zé)。after all, 是企業(yè)作出了創(chuàng)新和改變，并且造成了這些改變——并且造成了job obsolescence。應(yīng)該為這些負(fù)責(zé)任。比如，為員工提供opportunity of training for the new technique…，這樣也可以節(jié)約重新培訓(xùn)totally new employee的cost。
3、 Moreover, 政府也應(yīng)該采取一些行動。政府作為一個社會的管理者supervisor，有責(zé)任保證全社會的well being. 應(yīng)該幫助個人完成適應(yīng)adjustment. 可以通過提供一些insurance for unemployment, advice for the occupational choice, necessary information of the new trend of business…
北美范文：
As technology and changing social needs render more and more jobs obsolete, who is responsible for helpingdisplaced workers adjust? While individuals have primary responsibility for learning new skills and finding work, both industry and government have some obligation to provide them the means of doing so.
l agree that individuals must assume primary responsibility for adjusting to job obsolescence, especially since our educational system has been preparing us for it. For decades, our schools have been counseling young people to expect and prepare for numerous major career changes during their lives. And concerned educatorshave recognized and responded to this eventuality with a broader base of practical and theoretical courseworkthat affords students the flexibility to move from one career to another.
However, industry should bear some of the responsibility as well. It is industry, after all, that determines the particular directions technological progress and subsequent social change will take. And since industry is mainly responsible for worker displacement, it has a duty to help displaced workers adjust—through such means ason-site training programs and stipends for further education.
Government should also assume some of the responsibility, since it is partly government money that fuels technological progress in industry. Moreover, government should help because it can help—for example, by ensuring that grants and federally insured student loans are available to those who must retool in order to find new work. Government can also help by observing and recording trends in worker displacement and in job opportunities, and by providing this information to individuals so that they can make prudent decisions about their own further education and job searches.
In conclusion, while individuals should be prepared for future job changes, both government and industryshoulder obligations to provide training programs, funding and information that will help displaced workers successfully retool and find new employment.
38.說建議安裝攝像頭，可以幫助law 去enforce official神馬的，而且可以幫助identify和arrest那些個做壞事滴人兒
考古：
[v1] the surveillance cameras are helpful for the police officials to identify and arrest someone who breaks the law.
[v2] 監(jiān)視攝像頭安裝在城市街道上有助于law enforcement officials to identify the people who break the law.
[v3] using the cameras helps the laws enforcement officials in identifying and arresting the people who breaks the law.
提供思路：
cameras 可以記錄犯罪過程，確定犯罪時間，罪犯人數(shù)等，使得officials在辦案中節(jié)省時間，提高準(zhǔn)確度。夜間監(jiān)視停車場、建筑物樓梯或走廊以及街道等不顯眼的區(qū)域是有效的，還可以起到震懾潛在的罪犯的作用。
cameras的使用要注意，需要嚴(yán)加監(jiān)管，以防侵犯老百姓的隱私
雖然有用，也得考慮下成本效益啊
39. How should people be paid depend on how beneficial their profession is to society .
考古:
V1大概就是paid should be paid according to the beneficial the profession to society
V2一個人的PAY取決于How beneficial his profession is to the society
提供觀點(diǎn)：
[反駁]重點(diǎn)放在professional上，專業(yè)知識固然重要，但一個人的工作能力不是僅憑專業(yè)技術(shù)能評定的，還有處理問題的能力、創(chuàng)新能力、和上下級溝通的能力等等
[同意]工資依能力而定，能帶給社會更大的貢獻(xiàn)，理應(yīng)獲得更高的收入
40. 節(jié)約能源需要國際合作和領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力，而不能靠個別國家的犧牲。
No.2“It is unrealistic to expect individual nations to make, independently, the sacrifices necessary to conserve energy. International leadership and worldwide cooperation are essential if we expect to protect the world’s energy resources for future generations.”
“指望單個國家獨(dú)立地作出必要的犧牲來保存能源是不現(xiàn)實的。如果我們希望為下一代保護(hù)世界的能源資源，國際領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力量和全球性的公司是基本的�！�
2011年8月gmat作文機(jī)經(jīng)AI(至8.14)來源：天道 【考試大：中國教育考試第一門戶】 2011年8月14日 提供觀點(diǎn)：
1， 首先，雖然不愿意，但仍然要承認(rèn)，自私幾乎是天性。self consideration優(yōu)先。在沒有廣泛的行動時，每一個國家都不愿意在自己作出犧牲的同時，其他國家沒有行動。這樣不公平，也不可能達(dá)到。這時，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的作用很重要。安排各國家工作，協(xié)調(diào)各國家活動。有一個行動的指導(dǎo)作用。function as the leader of the group.
2， 而且，保護(hù)資源是全球的問題，指望單個國家作出犧牲是不夠的。因為在全球化經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展下，資源幾乎是全球運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的。比如，美國會向中國進(jìn)口木材等原料。所以需要合作。大的跨國公司在其中扮演重要的角色。比如，開發(fā)非洲的，有很多是歐洲的公司，跨國公司的舉動會影響到很多國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策。nuclear weapons proliferation the problem of energy conservation transcends the national borders in that either all nations must cooperate, or all will suffer.(sample上的句子)
3， 當(dāng)然，這樣是不夠的，必須由各個國家充分地發(fā)揮主動的作用take positive action。因為資源是全人類的，每個國家都有責(zé)任并且都有必要。只有將統(tǒng)一領(lǐng)導(dǎo)與各國的積極性作用一起結(jié)合，才是effective的方法。
北美范文：
The speaker asserts that an international effort is needed to preserve the world’s energy resources for future generations. While individual nations, like people, are at times willing to make voluntary sacrifices for the benefit of others, my view is that international coordination is nevertheless necessary in light ofthe strong propensity of nations to act selfishly, and because the problem is international in scope.
The main reason why an international effort is necessary is that, left to their own devices, individual nations, like people, will act according to their short-term motives and self-interest. The mere existence of military weapons indicates that self-interest and national survival are every nation’s prime drivers. And excessive consumption by industrialized nations of natural resources they know to be finite, when alternatives are at hand demonstrates that self-interest and short-sightedness extend to the use of energy resources as well. Furthermore, nations, like people, tend to rationalize their own self-serving policies and actions. Emerging nations might argue, for example, that they should be exempt fromenergy conservation because it is the industrialized nations who can better afford to make sacrifices and who use more resources in the first place.
Another reason why an international effort is required is that other problems of an international nature have also required global cooperation. For example, has each nation independently recognized the follyof nuclear weapons proliferation and voluntarily disarmed? No: only by way of an international effort, based largely on coercion of strong leaders against detractors, along with an appeal to self-interest, have we made some progress. By the same token, efforts of individual nations to thwart international drug trafficking have proven largely futile, because efforts have not been internationally based. Similarly, the problem of energy conservation transcends national borders in that either all nations must cooperate, or all will ultimately suffer.
In conclusion, nations are made up of individuals who, when left unconstrained, tend to act in their own self-interest and with short-term motives. In light of how we have dealt, or not dealt, with other global problems, it appears that an international effort is needed to ensure the preservation of natural resources for future generations.41. Portrayals of violence have proven commercially successful in television
programs, movies, songs, and other forms of popular entertainment. Therefore,
those who create popular entertainment should continue to incorporate violence
into their products.
中文的大概意思是－在電視節(jié)目、電影、歌曲及其他形式的大眾娛樂節(jié)目中加入暴力被證明是成功的商業(yè)模式。因此，那些創(chuàng)做流行的娛樂節(jié)目的人應(yīng)該繼續(xù)將其納入到自己的產(chǎn)品中去。
考古：
Popular entertainment is overly influenced by commercial interests. Superficiality, obscenity, and violence characterize films and televsion today
because those qualities are commercially successful.
北美范文：
Clearly, most popular films and television shows are superficial and/or include a certain amount of violence or obscenity. Just as clearly, popularity leads to commercial success. But can we conclude that these productions are overly influenced by commercial interests? Perhaps not, since some popular films and television shows are neither superficial, obscene, nor violent. Closer scrutiny,
however, reveals that most such productionsactually support, not disprove, the thesis that commercial interests dictate movie and television content.
(有必要作這樣的二次轉(zhuǎn)折？)
One would-be (自稱自許的)threat to the thesis can be found in lower-budget independent films, which tend to focus more on character development and topical social issues than on sensationalism. Recently, a few such films have supplanted
Hollywood’s major studioproductions as top box-office (adj. 票房的) hits. Does this mean that profit potential no longer dictates the content of films? No; it simply suggests that the tastes and preferences of the movie-going public are shifting.A second ostensible challenge to the thesis can be found in companies such as Disney, whose productions continue to achieve great popularity and
commercial success, without resort to an appeal to baser interests. Yet it is because these productions are commercially successful that they proliferate.
The only cogent challenge to the thesis is found in perennial television favorites such as “Nova,” a public television show that is neither commercially supported nor influenced. However, such shows are more in the nature of education than entertainment, and for every one program like “Nova” there are several equally popular—and highly superficial—programs.
With few exceptions, then, commercial success of certain films and television shows is no accidental byproduct of popularity; it is the intentional result of producers’ efforts to maximize profits.
42. Because of high-profile status andaccess to resources, celebrities has uniquely addressed in social problems.(后面的半句記得不太準(zhǔn)確，大概就是名人階層對社會問題的作用吧)
V1. celebrities are uniquely qualified to address social problem.
V2. celebrities qualify uniquely and effectively to address social problems because they 有好的身份地位和更容易獲得某些資源~
V3. celebrities are uniquely qualified to address the social problems because their social status and have access to the information.
V4. Because celebrities have more access to resources, they enjoy more advantages to address the social problems。
考古：
v1celebrities are uniquely qualified to address the social problems
v2Celebrities are uniquely qualified to efficiently address social problems, because of their high-profile status and access to resources.
