9. 出現(xiàn)日期：11.26 by chelseadu by Zhu8809
9. 出現(xiàn)頻率
題庫 5. “All groups and organi3zations should function as teams in which everyone makes decisions and shares responsibilities and duties. Giving one person central authority and responsibility for a project or task is not an effective way to get work done.”
1. For groups and organizations that are stable, it is reasonable to have a flat organizational structure.
2. For groups and organizations that are always confronted with emergencies, it is always better to give one certain person central authority and responsibility.
3. It is hard to say that one structure is necessarily better than the other. They all have advantages and disadvantages. And it is a case-by-case discussion.
1， Admittedly, 在團(tuán)隊(duì)中，每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該起到積極的作用take positive action。責(zé)任和義務(wù)的share可以激發(fā)每個(gè)人更加主動(dòng)motivate the members’ creativity and initiative. 比方說，many companies let the employees to buy shares and stocks.
2， 但是，這樣不是說，everyone should be given the power to make the final decision. 首先，天性是自私的。In many circumstances, the personal goal may be different from or even contrary to the goal of the group. 如果任由每個(gè)人作出決定，很可能作出相反的，產(chǎn)生很多矛盾。incompatible conflict. 比如企業(yè)中，每個(gè)員工都想爭(zhēng)取最多的工資，但也許與企業(yè)cost-cutting policy想矛盾。
3， 這時(shí)候，就需要one person with the authority and responsibility for a project來協(xié)調(diào)assort with the different interests。synthesize the various voices of all the group members and make the final decision.這樣才能有效地領(lǐng)導(dǎo)一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)，不會(huì)偏離最初的目標(biāo)stray from the initial goal of the task.
Thesis sentence: it is true that team work is the most familiar functional way that adopted by many groups and organizations. It is also true that every team member should share responsibilities and duties within the team. However, it is hardly true that the absence of central authority that enable everybody to make decisions is an effective way to get work done.
View1:compared with giving the responsibility for a task to one authoritative person, the sharing of responsibilities and duties among team members is a more effective way to get things done.
Evidence: the allocated responsibility and duties give workers the feeling of being important and necessary that motivated them to fulfill their work.
The fact that anyone who dose not accomplish his or her assigned work thus affect the whole progress of the project could be easily detected, gives the necessary pressure to workers that guarantee the efficiency thus the completion of the progect.
View2: the claim that the everybody decision making structure rather than central authority is a more effective way to get things down is unwarranted.
Evidence:
Everybody makes decisions totally no decisions.
Not everyone has acquired the essential abilities such as thorough analysis and foresighted prediction to make decisions.
10. 出現(xiàn)日期：11.26 by kellyQ
10. 出現(xiàn)頻率2
題庫34. “All citizens should be required to perform a specified amount of public service. Such service would benefit not only the country as a whole but also the individual participants.”
1. 比起專業(yè)的公共服務(wù)組織，所有的公民都完成一定的公共服務(wù)顯得比較低效率。因?yàn)槲覀兪窃谝粋�(gè)高度專業(yè)化分工十分明晰的社會(huì)，放棄專業(yè)的公共服務(wù)組織而采取強(qiáng)制性的公民義務(wù)形式的服務(wù)會(huì)使得效率十分低下，而且也會(huì)讓大多數(shù) 人不滿，畢竟每個(gè)人都有自己的職業(yè)和愛好。
2. 管理成本的高昂也是該計(jì)劃難以貫徹的一個(gè)原因。這項(xiàng)決定潛在上要求了要有人監(jiān)督每個(gè)公民是否履行了自己的義務(wù)，也要有人給每個(gè)公民分配任務(wù).
3. 誠然就象作者所說的那樣確實(shí)會(huì)從整體上給國家?guī)硪欢ǖ暮锰�，同時(shí)給每個(gè)參與的人提供和更多人交流等機(jī)會(huì)，但是在權(quán)衡利弊之后尤其是在和專業(yè)化組織對(duì)比之后還是得不償失的be not worth the candle mandatory compulsory ...be weighed against ...
individual compliance enforcement nullify stifle incompetence competent tantamount to 等價(jià) insofar as...
1. 對(duì)于國家和社會(huì)的好處：首先，強(qiáng)制性mandatory social work可以增加人力資源——因?yàn)閟ocial work的wage比較低，所以在非強(qiáng)制的情況下，只有少數(shù)人愿意參加，這樣導(dǎo)致了人員的不足;廣泛的參與extensive participation可以引起大家的重視——激發(fā)人們更加愛護(hù)公共設(shè)施,從而降低整個(gè)expense on the maintaining. 因?yàn)楣苍O(shè)施becomes a aggregation of the hard work of all the citizens. 人們不付出努力,就不會(huì)珍惜
2. 對(duì)參與者的好處: The principal thing in this world is to keep one’s soul aloft. Flaubert(the great novelist)公共服務(wù)可以使人們更加意識(shí)到自己的社會(huì)責(zé)任感duty, 也同時(shí)有益于平時(shí)的工作; 可以增加人與人的交流, 在完全沒有壓力的環(huán)境下, 心靈得到放松.
3. 當(dāng)然, 完全強(qiáng)制有可能引起stimulate抵觸emotion of repellence, 也要注意方法,同時(shí)不要影響正常的工作.
View1: public service, a main approach to show social responsibilities, benefits both the county and the participants.
View2: When becomes a burden and stress to the participants, public service harm not only individual performers but also entire society. Cost of enforcement, reduction of efficiency , increase of abhorrence.
9. 出現(xiàn)頻率
題庫 5. “All groups and organi3zations should function as teams in which everyone makes decisions and shares responsibilities and duties. Giving one person central authority and responsibility for a project or task is not an effective way to get work done.”
1. For groups and organizations that are stable, it is reasonable to have a flat organizational structure.
2. For groups and organizations that are always confronted with emergencies, it is always better to give one certain person central authority and responsibility.
3. It is hard to say that one structure is necessarily better than the other. They all have advantages and disadvantages. And it is a case-by-case discussion.
1， Admittedly, 在團(tuán)隊(duì)中，每個(gè)人都應(yīng)該起到積極的作用take positive action。責(zé)任和義務(wù)的share可以激發(fā)每個(gè)人更加主動(dòng)motivate the members’ creativity and initiative. 比方說，many companies let the employees to buy shares and stocks.
2， 但是，這樣不是說，everyone should be given the power to make the final decision. 首先，天性是自私的。In many circumstances, the personal goal may be different from or even contrary to the goal of the group. 如果任由每個(gè)人作出決定，很可能作出相反的，產(chǎn)生很多矛盾。incompatible conflict. 比如企業(yè)中，每個(gè)員工都想爭(zhēng)取最多的工資，但也許與企業(yè)cost-cutting policy想矛盾。
3， 這時(shí)候，就需要one person with the authority and responsibility for a project來協(xié)調(diào)assort with the different interests。synthesize the various voices of all the group members and make the final decision.這樣才能有效地領(lǐng)導(dǎo)一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)，不會(huì)偏離最初的目標(biāo)stray from the initial goal of the task.
Thesis sentence: it is true that team work is the most familiar functional way that adopted by many groups and organizations. It is also true that every team member should share responsibilities and duties within the team. However, it is hardly true that the absence of central authority that enable everybody to make decisions is an effective way to get work done.
View1:compared with giving the responsibility for a task to one authoritative person, the sharing of responsibilities and duties among team members is a more effective way to get things done.
Evidence: the allocated responsibility and duties give workers the feeling of being important and necessary that motivated them to fulfill their work.
The fact that anyone who dose not accomplish his or her assigned work thus affect the whole progress of the project could be easily detected, gives the necessary pressure to workers that guarantee the efficiency thus the completion of the progect.
View2: the claim that the everybody decision making structure rather than central authority is a more effective way to get things down is unwarranted.
Evidence:
Everybody makes decisions totally no decisions.
Not everyone has acquired the essential abilities such as thorough analysis and foresighted prediction to make decisions.
10. 出現(xiàn)日期：11.26 by kellyQ
10. 出現(xiàn)頻率2
題庫34. “All citizens should be required to perform a specified amount of public service. Such service would benefit not only the country as a whole but also the individual participants.”
1. 比起專業(yè)的公共服務(wù)組織，所有的公民都完成一定的公共服務(wù)顯得比較低效率。因?yàn)槲覀兪窃谝粋�(gè)高度專業(yè)化分工十分明晰的社會(huì)，放棄專業(yè)的公共服務(wù)組織而采取強(qiáng)制性的公民義務(wù)形式的服務(wù)會(huì)使得效率十分低下，而且也會(huì)讓大多數(shù) 人不滿，畢竟每個(gè)人都有自己的職業(yè)和愛好。
2. 管理成本的高昂也是該計(jì)劃難以貫徹的一個(gè)原因。這項(xiàng)決定潛在上要求了要有人監(jiān)督每個(gè)公民是否履行了自己的義務(wù)，也要有人給每個(gè)公民分配任務(wù).
3. 誠然就象作者所說的那樣確實(shí)會(huì)從整體上給國家?guī)硪欢ǖ暮锰�，同時(shí)給每個(gè)參與的人提供和更多人交流等機(jī)會(huì)，但是在權(quán)衡利弊之后尤其是在和專業(yè)化組織對(duì)比之后還是得不償失的be not worth the candle mandatory compulsory ...be weighed against ...
individual compliance enforcement nullify stifle incompetence competent tantamount to 等價(jià) insofar as...
1. 對(duì)于國家和社會(huì)的好處：首先，強(qiáng)制性mandatory social work可以增加人力資源——因?yàn)閟ocial work的wage比較低，所以在非強(qiáng)制的情況下，只有少數(shù)人愿意參加，這樣導(dǎo)致了人員的不足;廣泛的參與extensive participation可以引起大家的重視——激發(fā)人們更加愛護(hù)公共設(shè)施,從而降低整個(gè)expense on the maintaining. 因?yàn)楣苍O(shè)施becomes a aggregation of the hard work of all the citizens. 人們不付出努力,就不會(huì)珍惜
2. 對(duì)參與者的好處: The principal thing in this world is to keep one’s soul aloft. Flaubert(the great novelist)公共服務(wù)可以使人們更加意識(shí)到自己的社會(huì)責(zé)任感duty, 也同時(shí)有益于平時(shí)的工作; 可以增加人與人的交流, 在完全沒有壓力的環(huán)境下, 心靈得到放松.
3. 當(dāng)然, 完全強(qiáng)制有可能引起stimulate抵觸emotion of repellence, 也要注意方法,同時(shí)不要影響正常的工作.
View1: public service, a main approach to show social responsibilities, benefits both the county and the participants.
View2: When becomes a burden and stress to the participants, public service harm not only individual performers but also entire society. Cost of enforcement, reduction of efficiency , increase of abhorrence.
