11. Based on accounts of various ancient writers, scholars have painted a sketchy picture of the activities of an all-female cult that, perhaps as early as the sixth century B.C., worshipped a goddess known in Latin as Bona Dea, "the good goddess."
A. Based on accounts of various ancient writers
B. Basing it on various ancient writers' accounts
C. With accounts of various ancient writers used for a basis
D. By the accounts of various ancient writers they used
E. Using accounts of various ancient writers

1 句首的修飾結(jié)構(gòu)要考慮修飾結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯和意思上的合理性：分詞做句首的修飾結(jié)構(gòu)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)指向后面的句子主語(yǔ)。此時(shí)要考慮是否合理，可將前面的修飾結(jié)構(gòu)還原來(lái)判斷。 ===》 scholar were based on accounts of various ancient writers 不合理

2 詞法： Based on…. 通常 GMAT中 Base 都使用被動(dòng)態(tài)， based on.

3 代詞指代不明確： B 中的 it scholars base it(意思為their painting work)on various ancient writers' accounts,如果指a sketchy picture意思不太對(duì),所以不知道it指誰(shuí)。
代詞總的來(lái)講應(yīng)根據(jù)邏輯意思決定指代對(duì)象. 象OG11里的they若根據(jù)邏輯來(lái)判斷, 有明確的指代對(duì)象, 即主句的主語(yǔ). 但當(dāng)ETS要說(shuō)一個(gè)選項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)的時(shí)候, 即使邏輯意思清楚, 也被認(rèn)作指代模糊. 所以完全依靠代詞指代模糊來(lái)決定答案不可取. 一般我只把它作為最后一招. 有其他區(qū)別就先看其他區(qū)別.

但有三個(gè)代詞指代的錯(cuò)誤, ETS認(rèn)為必錯(cuò)
1. 單復(fù)數(shù)不一致. 如用they指代a person
2. 在同一句句子中, 同一個(gè)代詞指代不同的東西. (OG12)
3. 代詞指代所有格, 而不是中心詞. (OG90)
4 簡(jiǎn)潔：C 中 with accounts of 和 used for a basis 語(yǔ)意重復(fù)。 D 中 they used 修飾不明確，也不合理，不簡(jiǎn)潔。with + n. 在句首表示physically擁有, 相比之下, with更強(qiáng)調(diào)一種狀態(tài). 而base, compare to這類分詞省略形式是應(yīng)該用被動(dòng)的.ETS其實(shí)偏向主動(dòng)句, 因?yàn)樗鼜?qiáng)調(diào)了動(dòng)作發(fā)出者.