V1
講一種什么鳥,雌鳥會(huì)回應(yīng)雄鳥的叫聲,提出來(lái)兩個(gè)假設(shè)來(lái)解釋這種現(xiàn)象,結(jié)論是雌鳥這樣回應(yīng)是為了防小三。
V2
我感覺這個(gè)貌似和雞精有點(diǎn)出入,本月寂靜V1是說(shuō)feed ,但我這篇通篇都在講whipbird唱歌,和V2是一個(gè)題。研究者研究他們?yōu)槭裁匆,三段,第一段有點(diǎn)失憶,第二段主要研究比較male和female的鳥什么時(shí)候唱歌,第二段第一句話超級(jí)長(zhǎng)又繞,我看了半天才看出來(lái)是比較。。。。比較單身的female鳥、有老公的female鳥、單身的male鳥,有老婆的male的鳥,還有一對(duì)一對(duì)的鳥哪個(gè)叫的更頻繁。大家注意仔細(xì)看看這段話,有題!還有一個(gè)infer的題,問(wèn)從文中可以infer什么?我選的是A female鳥比male鳥唱歌唱的多。最后得出結(jié)論female是為了防小三!(是的就是這么奇葩!)
V3
有篇新的是說(shuō)一種鳥whipbird,中文是鞭鶇(也是醉了...)科學(xué)家研究雌鳥,雄鳥唱歌以及couple合唱等等傳遞的信息。最后一篇時(shí)間好緊,基本是半分一題過(guò)的...
V4
簡(jiǎn)短三段式:介紹試驗(yàn)背景+第一種解釋+第二種解釋
科學(xué)家針對(duì)某種鳥夫妻雌鳥用叫聲回應(yīng)公鳥的情況,進(jìn)行試驗(yàn)。當(dāng)獨(dú)身雌鳥、獨(dú)身雄鳥、另一對(duì)鳥夫妻進(jìn)入原鳥夫妻領(lǐng)地時(shí),雌鳥在獨(dú)身雌鳥“入侵”時(shí)回應(yīng)老公最賣力= =據(jù)此科學(xué)家針對(duì)雌鳥回應(yīng)公鳥的動(dòng)機(jī)提出兩種解釋,第一種是為了防小三,第二種貌似是表現(xiàn)commitment...但明顯第
二種解釋沒(méi)有前者給力,文中舉出了一些削弱的點(diǎn)。
【疑似原文】
這是一篇oxfordjournal,原文太長(zhǎng),只截取了相對(duì)有用的部分,原文鏈接在這里 感謝mcgradyjj23 和iddora貢獻(xiàn)
http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/1/182.full
Paired male and female eastern whipbirds, sing precisely coordinated, male-led duets. Four broad explanations have been proposed for the function of duets: 1) cooperative resource defense, 2) prevention of partner usurpation, 3) defense of an individual’s own position within the partnership, or 4) mate identification and localization. These 4 hypotheses make different predictions about how male and female residents should respond to simulated intrusion by other pairs or individuals. We compared the behavioral and vocal responses of 20 pairs of eastern whipbirds to simulated territorial intrusions by: 1) a solitary singing male, 2) a solitary singing female, and 3) a duetting pair. Males and females did not coordinate their approach to the playback speaker and showed sex-specific responses to playback. Males did not respond differently to duetting versus solo singing intruders. By contrast, females approached more closely during solo female song than during solo male song or duet playback.
Females also produced specific vocalizations only in response to duet and solo female playback. Both sexes approached the speaker more closely and quickly during playback of same-sex solo songs than opposite-sex solo songs. Finally, females answered more of their mate’s songs during simulated intrusion by a lone female than during simulated intrusion by a lone male. Our results suggest that duets in this species primarily function to allow females to defend their exclusive position in a partnership.
Mate defense by females is unusual in birds but may be promoted in eastern whipbirds by a female-biased sex ratio and the need for exclusive access to male care. Thus, duets result from independent and conflicting strategies of mate and territory defense in males and females.
Our results do not support hypotheses that female eastern whipbirds reply to their partner to identify themselves to jointly defend a shared resource or to prevent their partner being usurped. Rather, duets in this species appear to play a primary role in allowing females to defend their exclusive position in a partnership. Female whipbirds may reply precisely to their partner to signal commitment to their partner or, more likely, as a method of acoustic mate defense. Defence of their position in the partnership may be necessary because a female-biased sex ratio is likely to create conditions of intense intrasexual competition between females for mate, and exclusive access to male care plays an important role in female reproductive success. This study suggests that duets are a consequence of the sexes following independent strategies of mate and territory defense and highlights the existence of possible conflicts between partners. Further studies are required to determine whether duets function in a similar way in other species that form duets initiated exclusively by males.
- 2025年天津GMAT成績(jī)查詢時(shí)間及入口(通常情況下考后1-5個(gè)工作日內(nèi)查分)
- 2025年天津GMAT考試時(shí)間查詢、預(yù)約入口、考試內(nèi)容及考點(diǎn)查詢安排公布
- 2025年天津GMAT報(bào)名入口:http://gmat.neea.cn或gmat.neea.edu.
- 2025年上海GMAT成績(jī)查詢時(shí)間及入口(通常情況下考后1-5個(gè)工作日內(nèi)查分)
- 2025年上海GMAT考試時(shí)間查詢、預(yù)約入口、考試內(nèi)容及考點(diǎn)查詢安排公布
- 2025年上海GMAT報(bào)名入口:http://gmat.neea.cn或gmat.neea.edu.
- 查看GMAT研究生管理考試全部文檔 >>