( 15 minutes)

　　Read the following text and fill each of the numbered spaces with ONE suitable word.Write your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

　　Children who grip their pens too close to the writing point are likely to be at a disadvantage in examinations,______ (31) to the first serious investigation into the way in which writing technique can dramatically affect edu-cational achievement.

　　The survey of 643 children and adults, ranking from pre-school to 40-plus, also suggests ______(32) pen-holding techniques have detedorated sharply over one generation, with teachers now paying far ______( 33 ) atten-tion to correct pen grip and handwriting style.

　　Stephanie Thomas, a learning support teacher______ (34) findings have been published, was inspired to in-vestigate this area ______(35) he noticed that those students who had the most trouble with spelling______ (36) had a poor pen grip. While Mr. Thomas could not establish a significant statistical link______ (37) pen-holding style and accuracy in spelling, he______ (38) find huge differences in technique be-tween the young children and the mature adults, and a def'mite ______(39) between near-point gripping and slow, illegible writing.

　　People who______ (40) their pens at the writing point also show other characteristics______ (41) inhibit learning, ______(42) as poor posture, leaning too ______(43) to the desk, using four fingers to grip the pen ______(44) than three, and clumsy positioning of the thumb (which can obscure ______(45) is being written).

　　Mr. Thomas believes that the ______(46) between elder and younger writers is ______( 47 ) too dramatic to be accounted for simply by the possibility that people get better at writing as they grow ______(48) . He attrib-utes it to a failure to teach the most effective methods, pointing out that the differences between ______(49) groups coincides with the abandonment of formal handwriting instruction in classrooms in the sixties. "The 30-year-old showed a huge diversity of grips,______ (50)the over 40s group all had a uniform ' tripod' grip. "

　　Section Ⅲ Reading Comprehension

　　( 50 minutes)

　　Part A：Read the following texts and answer the questions which accompany them by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

　　Text 1

　　In a three-month period last year, two Brooklynites had to be cut out of their apartments and carried to hospital on stretchers designed for transporting small whales. The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance(NAAFA)argues that it was not their combined 900kg bulk that made them ill. Obesity, according to NAAFA, is not bad for you. And, even if it was, there is nothing to be done about it, because genes dictate weight. Attempting to eat less merely slows metabolism, having people as chubby as ever.

　　This is the fadash movement that causes America' s slimming industry so much pain. In his book Bin Fat Lies(Ballantine, 1996), Glenn Gaesser says that no study yet has convincingly shown that weight is an independent cause of health problems. Fatness does not kill people; things like hypertension, coronary heart diseases and cancer do. Mi-chael Fnmento, author of The Fat of the Land (Viking, 1997), an anti-fatlash diatribe, compares Dr Gaesser's logic with saying that the guillotine did not kill Louis XVI Rather, it was the severing of his vertebrae, the cutting of all the blood vessels in his neck, and.., the trauma caused by his head dropping several feet into a wicker basket.

　　Being fat kills in several ways. It makes people far more likely to suffer from heart disease or high blood pres-sure. Even moderate obesity increases the chance of contracting diabetes. Being 40% overweight makes people 30% - 50% more likely to die of cancer, according to the American Cancer Society. Extreme fatness makes patients so much less likely to survive surgery that many doctors refuse to operate until they slim.

　　The idea that being overweight is caused by obesity genes is not wholly false: researchers have found a number of genes that appear to make some people burn off energy at a slower rate. But genes are not destiny. The difference between someone with a genetic predisposition to gain weight and someone without appears to be roughly 40 calori-es-or a spoonful of mayonnaise--a day.

　　An alternative fatlash argument, advanced in books such as Dean Onrush' s Eat More, Weight Less ( Harper Collies, 1993 ) and Date Atrens' s Don' t Diet ( William Morrow, 1978), is that fatness is not a matter of eating too much. They note that as Americans' weight has ballooned over the last few decades, their reported caloric intake has plunged. This simply explains people' s own recollection of how much they eat is extremely unreliable. And as they grow fatter, people feel guilty and are more likely to fib about how much they eat. All reputable studies show that eating less and exercising reduce weight.

　　Certainly, the body' s metabolism slows a little when you lose weight, because it takes less energy to carry less bulk around, and because dieting can make the body fear it is about to starve. But a sensible low-fat diet makes weight loss possible. The fatlash movement is dangerous, because slimmers will often find any excuse to give up.To tell people that it is healthy to be obese is to encourage them to live sick and die young.

　　51. The two Brooklynites in the first paragraph were __

　　[A] members of the NAAFA

　　[B] typical victims of overweight

　　[ C] members of the "fatlash" movement

　　[ D] proof that the fatlash movement is gaining strength

　　52. The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance holds that __

　　[A ] fat people should try to lose weight

　　[ B ] eating less is harmful to people' s health

　　[C ] fat people were horn that way

　　[ D ] obesity is good for people

　　53. What can be concluded according to the author's view of the "obesity genes"?

　　[A] People with a genetic inclination to gain weight Can slim.

　　[ B ] People who are horn fat will remain that way all life.

　　[ C ] All efforts to lose weight will prove fruitless.

　　[ D ] Fat people can live a very happy life, too.

　　54. The word "fib" in the fourth sentence of Paragraph 5, probably means __

　　[ A] to tell the truth

　　[ B ] to reduce

　　[ C] to increase

　　[ D ] to tell a small lie

　　55. Which of the following statements is true?

　　[ A ] Americans' caloric intake has dropped over the last few decades.

　　[ B ] Many people who try to lose weight give up half way.

　　[ C ] Americans are always aware of how much they eat.

　　[ D ] Obesity does no harm to people' s health.

　　Text 2

　　The issue of online privacy in the Internet age found new urgency following the Sept. ll terrorist attacks, sparking debate over striking the correct balance between protecting civil liberties and attempting to prevent another tragic terrorist act. While preventing terrorism certainly is of paramount importance, privacy rights should not be deemed irrelevant.

　　In response to the attacks, Congress quickly passed legislation that included provisions expanding rights of investi-gators to intercept wire, oral and electronic communications of alleged hackers and terrorists. Civil liberties groups ex-pressed concerns over the provisions and urged caution in ensuring that efforts to protect our nation do not result in broad government authority to erode privacy rights of U. S. citizens. Nevertheless, causing further concern to civil liberties groups, the Department of Justice proposed exceptions to the attorney-client privilege. On Oct. 30, Attorney General John Ashcroft approved an interim agency rule that would permit federal prison authorities to monitor wire and electronic communications between lawyers and their clients in federal custody, including those who have been de-tained but not charged with any crime, whenever surveillance is deemed necessary to prevent violence or terrorism.

　　In light of this broadening effort to reach into communications that were previously believed to be "off-limits",the issue of online privacy is now an even more pressing concern. Congress has taken some legislative steps toward en-suring online privacy, including the Children' s Online Privacy Protection Act, and provided privacy protections for certain sectors through legislation such as the Financial Services Modernization Act. The legislation passed to date does not, however, provide a statutory scheme for protecting general online consumer privacy. Lacking definitive federal law, some states passed their own measures. But much of this legislation is incomplete or not enforced. Moreover, it becomes unworkable when states create different privacy standards; the Intemet does not know geographic boundaries,and companies and individuals cannot be expected to comply with differing, and at times conflicting, privacy rules.

　　An analysis earlier this year of 751 U. S. and international Web sites conducted by Consumers International found that most sites collect personal information but fail to tell consumers how that data will be used, how security is maintained and what fights consumers have over their own information.

　　At a minimum, Congress should pass legislation requiring Web sites to display privacy policies prominently, in-form consumers of the methods employed to collect client data, allow customers to opt out of such data collection,and provide customer access to their own data that has already been collected. Although various Intemet privacy bills were introduced in the 107th Congress, the focus shifted to expanding government surveillance in the wake of the ter-rorist attacks. Plainly, government efforts to prevent terrorism are appropriate. Exactly how these exigent circum-stances change the nature of the online privacy debate is stiff to be seen.

　　56. Concerning the protection of privacy and increased surveillance of communication, the author seems to insist on

　　[ A ] the priority of the former action

　　[ B ] the execution of the latter at the expense of the former

　　[C] tightening both policies at the same time

　　[ D ] a balance between the two actions

　　57. The author implies in the second paragraph that __

　　[ A] the proposal of the Department of Justice is unjustified

　　[ B ] surveillance of any suspect communication is necessary

　　[ C ] civil liberties groups should not have shown such great concern

　　[ D ] exceptions should be made in intercepting communications

　　58. In the eyes of the author, the Financial Service Modernization Act __

　　[ A ] serves no more than as a new patch on an old robe

　　[ B ] indicates the Congress' s admirable move to protect privacy

　　[ C ] invades online consumer privacy rather than protect it

　　[ D] is deficient in that it leaves many sectors unshielded

　　59. Privacy standards made by individual states are ineffective because __

　　[ A ] the standards of different states contradict each other

　　[ B ] online communication is not restricted to any state

　　[ C ] these standards ignore the federai law on the matter

　　[ D ] these standards are only applicable to regional Web sites

　　60. The expression "opt out of such data collection" ( in the last paragraph) probably means __

　　[ A ] pick out from such data the information one needs

　　[ B ] shift through such data to collect one' s own information

　　[ C ] evaluate the purpose for such data collection

　　[ D ] choose not to be involved in such data collectio

　　Text 3

　　The man behind this notion, Jack Maple, is a dandy who affects dark glasses, homburgs(翹邊帽)and two-toe shoes;yet he has become something of a legend in America's police departments. For some years, starting in New York and moving on to high-crime spots such as New Orleans and Philadelphia, he and his business partner, John Linder have marketed a two-tier system for cutting crime.

　　First, police departments have to sort themselves out: root out corruption, streamline their bureaucracy, and make more contact with the public. Second, they have to adopt a computer system called Comstat which helps them to analyze statistics of all major crimes. These are constantly keyed into the computer, which then displays where and when they have occurred on a color-coded map, enabling the police to monitor crime trends as they happen and to spot high-crime areas. In New York, Comstat's statistical maps are analyzed each week at a meeting of the city's police chief and precinct captains.

　　Messrs Maple and Linder ( "specialists in crime-reduction services" ) have no doubt that their system is a main contributor to the drop in crime. When they introduced it in New Orleans in January 1997, violent crime dropped by22% in a year;when they merely started working informally with the police department in Newark, New Jersey, vi-olent crime fell by 13%. Police departments are now lining up to pay as much as $50, 000 a month for these two men to put them straight.

　　Probably all these new policies and bits of technical wizardry, added together, have made a big difference to crime. But there remain anomalies that cannot be explained, such as the fact that crime in Washington D. C. , has fallen as fast as anywhere, although the police department has been corrupt and hopeless and, in large stretches of the city, neither police nor residents seem disposed to fight the criminals in their midst.

　　The more important reason for the fall in crime rates, many say, is a much less sophisticated one. It is a fact that crime rates have dropped as the imprisonment rate soared. In 1997 the national incarceration rate, at 645 per 100,000 people was more than double the rate in 1985, and the number of inmates in city and county jails rose by 9.4%, almost double its annual average increase since 1990. Surely some criminologist argue, one set of figures is the cause of the other. It is precise because more people are being sent to prison, they claim that crime rates are falling.A 1993 study by the National Academy of Sciences actualiy concluded that the tripling of the prison population be-tween 1975 and 1989 had lowered violent crime by 10-15%.

　　Yet cause and effect may not be so obviously linked. To begin with, the sale and possession of drugs are not counted by the FBI in its crime index, which is limited to violent crimes and crimes against property. Yet drug of-fences account for more than a third of the recent increase in the number of those jailed; since 1980, the incarceration rate for drug arrests has increased by 1,000%. And although about three-quarters of those going to prison for drugoffences have committed other crimes as well, there is not yet a crystal-clear connection between filling the jails withdrug-pushers and a decline in the rate of violent crime. Again, though national figures are suggestive, local ones di-verge: the placer where crime has dropped most sharply( such as New York City)are not always the places where in-carceration has risen fastest.

　　61. Jack Maple started his career in __

　　[ A] Philadelphia

　　[ B ] Oregon

　　[ C ] New Orleans

　　[ D ] New York

　　62. According to,Jack Maple, to cut crime __

　　[ A ] the,heads of police department should make more contact with the criminals

　　[ B ] the government should educate the residents more

　　[ C]a computer system called Comstat should be adopted by the police

　　[D] tbe criminals should be severely punished

　　63. ln New Yerk_______.

　　[ A] violent crime dropped by 23% in one year

　　[ B ] police departments pay as much as $ 50, 000 for Jack Maple

　　[ C ] the crime rate is high

　　[ D ] Comstat's statistical maps are analyzed every week

　　64. The meaning of the word "anomalies" in the second line of 4th paragraph is ___________

　　[ A ] something strange

　　[ B ] enjoyable things

　　[ C ] anormally

　　[ D ] comparison

　　65. It can be inferred from the passage that ___________

　　[ A ] the drop of crime rote is caused by Jack Maples's two-tier system

　　[ B ] the drop of crime rate is caused by the increased imprisonment

　　[ C ] it is difficult to identify the exact cause for the fall of crime rate

　　[ D ] the increased imprisonment is not the reason for the fall of crime rate

　　Text 3

　　The man behind this notion, Jack Maple, is a dandy who affects dark glasses, homburgs(翹邊帽)and two-toe shoes;yet he has become something of a legend in America's police departments. For some years, starting in New York and moving on to high-crime spots such as New Orleans and Philadelphia, he and his business partner, John Linder have marketed a two-tier system for cutting crime.

　　First, police departments have to sort themselves out: root out corruption, streamline their bureaucracy, and make more contact with the public. Second, they have to adopt a computer system called Comstat which helps them to analyze statistics of all major crimes. These are constantly keyed into the computer, which then displays where and when they have occurred on a color-coded map, enabling the police to monitor crime trends as they happen and to spot high-crime areas. In New York, Comstat's statistical maps are analyzed each week at a meeting of the city's police chief and precinct captains.

　　Messrs Maple and Linder ( "specialists in crime-reduction services" ) have no doubt that their system is a main contributor to the drop in crime. When they introduced it in New Orleans in January 1997, violent crime dropped by22% in a year;when they merely started working informally with the police department in Newark, New Jersey, vi-olent crime fell by 13%. Police departments are now lining up to pay as much as $50, 000 a month for these two men to put them straight.

　　Probably all these new policies and bits of technical wizardry, added together, have made a big difference to crime. But there remain anomalies that cannot be explained, such as the fact that crime in Washington D. C. , has fallen as fast as anywhere, although the police department has been corrupt and hopeless and, in large stretches of the city, neither police nor residents seem disposed to fight the criminals in their midst.

　　The more important reason for the fall in crime rates, many say, is a much less sophisticated one. It is a fact that crime rates have dropped as the imprisonment rate soared. In 1997 the national incarceration rate, at 645 per 100,000 people was more than double the rate in 1985, and the number of inmates in city and county jails rose by 9.4%, almost double its annual average increase since 1990. Surely some criminologist argue, one set of figures is the cause of the other. It is precise because more people are being sent to prison, they claim that crime rates are falling.A 1993 study by the National Academy of Sciences actualiy concluded that the tripling of the prison population be-tween 1975 and 1989 had lowered violent crime by 10-15%.

　　Yet cause and effect may not be so obviously linked. To begin with, the sale and possession of drugs are not counted by the FBI in its crime index, which is limited to violent crimes and crimes against property. Yet drug of-fences account for more than a third of the recent increase in the number of those jailed; since 1980, the incarceration rate for drug arrests has increased by 1,000%. And although about three-quarters of those going to prison for drugoffences have committed other crimes as well, there is not yet a crystal-clear connection between filling the jails withdrug-pushers and a decline in the rate of violent crime. Again, though national figures are suggestive, local ones di-verge: the placer where crime has dropped most sharply( such as New York City)are not always the places where in-carceration has risen fastest.

　　61. Jack Maple started his career in __

　　[ A] Philadelphia

　　[ B ] Oregon

　　[ C ] New Orleans

　　[ D ] New York

　　62. According to,Jack Maple, to cut crime __

　　[ A ] the,heads of police department should make more contact with the criminals

　　[ B ] the government should educate the residents more

　　[ C]a computer system called Comstat should be adopted by the police

　　[D] tbe criminals should be severely punished

　　63. ln New Yerk_______.

　　[ A] violent crime dropped by 23% in one year

　　[ B ] police departments pay as much as $ 50, 000 for Jack Maple

　　[ C ] the crime rate is high

　　[ D ] Comstat's statistical maps are analyzed every week

　　64. The meaning of the word "anomalies" in the second line of 4th paragraph is ___________

　　[ A ] something strange

　　[ B ] enjoyable things

　　[ C ] anormally

　　[ D ] comparison

　　65. It can be inferred from the passage that ___________

　　[ A ] the drop of crime rote is caused by Jack Maples's two-tier system

　　[ B ] the drop of crime rate is caused by the increased imprisonment

　　[ C ] it is difficult to identify the exact cause for the fall of crime rate

　　[ D ] the increased imprisonment is not the reason for the fall of crime rate

　　Part C：Answer questions 71 ~ 80 by referring to the following books.

　　Note: Answer each question by choosing A, B, C or D and mark it on ANSWER SHEET 1. Some choices may be required more than once.

　　A = BOOK 1 B = BOOK 2 C = BOOK 3 D = BOOK 4

　　Which book(s) say(s) that...

　　•the climate affects the future sustainable agricultural development? 71.___________

　　•environmental control is related with the national revenues? 72. _____

　　•the environmental problems ale not caused overnight? 73.___________

　　•a variety of species are on the decrease? 74.___________

　　•agriculture is also a factor for the degradation of environment? 75.___________

　　•pollution call be controlled by increasing the production cost of polluting goods? 76.___________

　　•pollution control needs the support of technology and techniques? 77.___________

　　•provides lessons for agriculture，trade，land USe and tax policy from an economic perspective?78.___________

　　•the degradation of environment cauSes the change of climate? 79.___________

　　•the approaches to research should be adjusted to the changing situation?80.___________

　　BOOK 1

　　The book offers a comprehensive perspective on the consequences and possible policy solutions for cli-matic change as we move into the twenty-first century. It assesses the impact of potential feature global climate change on agriculture and the need to sustain agricultural growth for the economic development.

　　The book begins by examining the role of international research institutions in overcoming environmental con-straints on sustainable agricultural growth and economic development. The authors then discuss how agricultural re-search systems may be restructured to respond to global environmental problems such as climate change and loss of genetic diversity. The discussion then extends to consider environmental accounting and indexing, to illustrate how environmental quality can be included formally in measures of national income, social welfare and sustainability.

　　The third part of the book focuses on the effects of and policy responses to climate change. Chapters in this part ex-amine the effect of climate change on production, trade, land use patterns and livelihoods. They consider impacts on the distribution of income between developed and developing countries remain a major economic activity. Authors take on an economy-wide perspective to draw lessons for agriculture, trade, land use and tax policy.

　　BOOK 2

　　The ozone layer is threatened by chemical cmissious; the climate is endangered from fossil and defor-estation, and global biodiversity is being lost by reason of thousands of years of habitat conversions. Global environ-mental problems arise out of the accumulated impacts from many years' and many countries' economic develop-ment. In order to address these problems the states of the world must cooperate to manage their development proces-ses together--this is what an international environmental agreement must do. But can the world' s countries cooper-ate successfully to manage global development? How should they manage it? Who should pay for the process, as well as for the underlying problems?

　　This book presents an examination of both the problem and the process underlying international environmental lawmaking: the recognition of international interdependence, the negotiation of international agreements and the evo-lution of international resource management. It examines the general problem of global resource management by means of general principles and case studies and by looking at how and why specific negotiations and agreements have failed to achieve their targets.

　　The book is designed as an introductory text for those studying global environmental policy making and institu-tion building. It will also be of interest to practitioners and policy rnakers and scholars in the areas of environmental economics and law.

　　BOOK 3

　　Industrialization to achieve economic development has resulted in global environmental degradation.

　　While the impacts of industrial activity on the natural environment are a major concern in developed countries, muchless is known about these impacts in developing countries. This source book identifies and quantifies the environmen-tal consequences of industrial growth, and provides policy advice, including the use of clean technologies and envi-ronmentally sound production techniques, with special reference to the developing world.

　　The developing world is often seen as having a high percentage of heavily polluting activities within its industrial sector. This, combined with a substantial agriculture sector, which contributes to deforestation, the erosion of the top soil and desertification, has led to extreme pressures on the environment and impoverishes the population by de-stroying its natural resource base. This crisis suggests that sound industrialization policies are of paramount impor-tance in developing countries' economic development, and calls for the management of natural resources and the a-doption of low-waste of environmentally clean technologies.

　　The authors consider the industrial sector as a pollutant to other sectors of the economy, and then focus on some industrial-specific pollutants within the manufacturing sector and some process-specific industrial pollutants. Theyconclude by reviewing the economic implications of promoting environmentally sound industrial development, spe-cially adressing the question of the conflict or complementarily which may exist between environmental goods and in-dustrial production.

　　BOOK 4

　　This is an important book which presents new concepts of the marginal cost of substituting non-pollu-tive for pollutive goods. Technically in its approach it complements the other literature in the field and will be a sig-nificant contribution to the understanding of microeconomic issues in pollution control. The book focuses on the three main concepts: substitutions in consumption, emission abatement and exposure avoidance. The first part considers the adjustment of the scope and combination of goods produced as a method for controlling pollution.

　　The author argues that pollution is controlled by increasing the relative price of the polluting goods in the pro-duction process, thereby reducing demand and subsequent production of the goods. In the second part, the discus-sion is extended to include the possibilities of preventing or abating emissions in relation to three models: first, pol-lution prevention when non-polluting inputs and processes are substituted for pollutants; second, when a proportion of the polluting output is recycled rather than being discarded; and finally end-of-pipe abatement where additionaltechnology is used. In conclusion, the author assesses the extent to which pollution damage is controlled by avoid-ance of emissions, with avoidance being modeled as an add-on technology with its own returns to scale.

　　Section IV Writing

　　(40 minutes )

　　You will read a question .which says, "Which is a better source of news--newspaper or TV?"

　　Write an article for the newspaper to clarify your own points of view towards this issue. You should use your

　　own ideas,Knowledge or experience to generate support for your argument, including an example.

　　You should write no less than 250 words. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET 2.

　　THE END OF THE TEST

　　Section II Use of English(每小題1分，共計(jì)20分，權(quán)重10%)

　　參考譯文

　　根據(jù)一項(xiàng)對于握筆姿勢大幅影響考試成績的調(diào)查，那些握筆十分靠近筆尖的學(xué)生很可能在考試中處于劣勢。

　　本次調(diào)查涉及643人，從學(xué)齡前兒童到40多歲的成年人，調(diào)查表明握筆技術(shù)在一代人的時(shí)間里大幅退步，現(xiàn)在的老師已經(jīng)不像以前那樣重視糾正學(xué)生的握筆姿勢和書寫方式了。

　　斯蒂芬尼•托馬斯是一名助教，已經(jīng)發(fā)表了他的發(fā)現(xiàn)，在他注意到那些拼寫有困難的學(xué)生握筆習(xí)慣也不好的時(shí)候，受到啟發(fā)開始調(diào)查這一領(lǐng)域。雖然托馬斯先生不能在握筆方式和拼寫正確性之間建立明確的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)關(guān)聯(lián)，但是他卻發(fā)現(xiàn)小孩子和成人之間的握筆技術(shù)有很大的差別，而握筆靠近筆尖與緩慢而難以辨認(rèn)的書寫之間存在明確關(guān)聯(lián)。

　　握筆靠近筆尖的人也顯示出了其他的一些妨礙學(xué)習(xí)的特點(diǎn)，如坐姿很差、太靠近桌子、用4個(gè)手指而不是3個(gè)手指握筆和大拇指位置放得不對(這會使寫的字跡模糊)。

　　托馬斯先生認(rèn)為，對比老年人和年輕人的書寫太過明顯不能簡單得出人年齡越大字寫得越好的說法。他認(rèn)為這是因?yàn)闆]有教授有效的方法.并指出不同年齡段的人之間寫字的不同恰巧出現(xiàn)在60年代課堂里放棄對寫字的指導(dǎo)之后�！�30歲的人表現(xiàn)出非常不同的握筆方式，而超過40歲的人統(tǒng)一都用3個(gè)手指握筆”。

　　答案及解析

　　31.according 【解析】according to意為“根據(jù)”，為固定短語，本句句意為“根據(jù)對…的嚴(yán)格調(diào)查，…�！�

　　32.that 【解析】此空之后的內(nèi)容為suggests的內(nèi)容，即此處應(yīng)填mat，引導(dǎo)賓語從句。

　　33.less 【解析】由此空前面的“deteriorated sharply”可知此空應(yīng)填“更少的”，而不是“更多的”。

　　34.whose 【解析】此句意為“Stephanie Thomas，一位學(xué)習(xí)輔導(dǎo)老師，…發(fā)現(xiàn)已經(jīng)發(fā)表了…。”由此可知，空處所填單詞必為whose，引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾teacher。

　　35.after 【解析】此句意為“…他注意到了那些拼寫有問題的學(xué)生也有一個(gè)壞的握筆習(xí)慣，他受到鼓舞調(diào)查這個(gè)領(lǐng)域。”

　　36.also 【解析】由35題解析，拼寫有問題的學(xué)生必定握筆習(xí)慣不好。

　　37.between 【解析】此句意為“Thomas先生盡管不能在握筆方式和拼寫準(zhǔn)確性之間建立重要的統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)聯(lián)系，…”所以答案為介詞between。

　　38.did 【解析】據(jù)38題解析，由于while意為“盡管”，才有后面起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用的did，意為“確實(shí)”，有轉(zhuǎn)折之意。

　　39.link 【解析】與37題對應(yīng)，此處應(yīng)填link，表明在“near—point gripping”和“slow，illegible writing”之間存在聯(lián)系。

　　40.grip 【解析】顯然，此空應(yīng)填一個(gè)動(dòng)詞“握，拿”，英語中握筆用動(dòng)詞grip。

　　41.which 【解析】由此句句子成分分析，此空以后的應(yīng)為定語從句，修飾characteristics。所以此空應(yīng)填which，引導(dǎo)定語從句。

　　42.such 【解析】“poor posture，leaning too…to the desk，using…”均是對characteristics的舉例說明。而舉例用英語說應(yīng)為“such as”o

　　43.close 【解析】顯然，不好的習(xí)慣是“太靠近桌子”，故應(yīng)填“近”。

　　44.rather 【解析】此空所在句意為“用四個(gè)手指握筆而不是三個(gè)�！眗ather than表示“而不是”。

　　45.what 【解析】顯然，此空后的句子應(yīng)為“obscure”的賓語從句，而“is being written”中缺主語，可做主句的賓語、從句的主語的只有what。

　　46.difference 【解析】顯然，這句話是在對老年人和年輕人寫字之間進(jìn)行比較，而且由后半句中的“get better at…”可知，此空必為“不同的”。

　　47.far 【解析】能修飾too的副詞只有far或much。

　　48.older 【解析】grow只能是年齡越來越大。

　　49.age 【解析】此段話均是在比較不同年齡段的人之間寫字的不同，故此空應(yīng)填“年齡”。

　　50.but 【解析】此句意為“30歲的人表現(xiàn)出非常不同的握筆方式，…超過40歲的人都統(tǒng)一用三個(gè)手指握筆�！憋@然，此空處表轉(zhuǎn)折。

　　Section m Reading Comprehension(共計(jì)35分。權(quán)重35%)

　　Part A(每小題1分，共計(jì)l5分)

　　Text 1

　　短文賞析

　　本文駁斥了關(guān)于肥胖無害的說法。一個(gè)叫NAAFA的組織聲稱肥胖對人體無害，即使有害，也沒有辦法，因?yàn)榛�因決定一切。對此，作者提出了自己的看法，他認(rèn)為，實(shí)驗(yàn)證明肥胖的人要比正常人更加容易患上主要疾病，健康更容易受到損傷。而基因并不會對減肥造成多大的干擾。同時(shí).他還抨擊了關(guān)于食品攝入量不會影響體重的說法。后，作者提出了減肥的可行性和fatlash運(yùn)動(dòng)的危害。

　　答案及解析

　　51.B【解析】由第一段可知，兩人是因?yàn)榉逝侄�被送進(jìn)醫(yī)院的，故B項(xiàng)正確。A、C項(xiàng)文章中未提到。兩個(gè)病人不能證明fatlash運(yùn)動(dòng)高漲，故D項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的。

　　52.C【解析】由第一段可知NAAFA認(rèn)為肥胖無害，故A項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的。B項(xiàng)文章中未提到。第一段倒數(shù)第二句話說到基因決定人的胖瘦，故C項(xiàng)是正確的。NAAFA只是認(rèn)肥胖對人體無害，并沒有說有好處，故D項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的。

　　53.A【解析】由第四段后兩句話可知，基因并不能決定一切，因此減肥不會因?yàn)榉逝只�因的干擾而沒有任何作用，故A項(xiàng)正確。B項(xiàng)和作者的觀點(diǎn)是相反的。D項(xiàng)文中未提到。

　　54.D【解析】fib意為“撒小謊”。

　　55.B【解析】由第五段可知雖然美國人聲稱自己攝入的卡路里量下降，但這并不是真的，故A項(xiàng)是錯(cuò)誤的。美國人總是在食物攝入量上撒謊，所以并不能推出他們知道自己吃了多少，故C項(xiàng)不正確。根據(jù)后一段后一句話可以知道D項(xiàng)不正確。

　　Text 2

　　短文賞析

　　9.11事件后，網(wǎng)絡(luò)隱私問題成為了一個(gè)急需解決的問題。人們?yōu)檎业奖Ｗo(hù)公民自由和防止類似的恐怖事件之間的平衡而爭論不休。為了應(yīng)對恐怖襲擊，國會通過一系列的法律對各種形式的交流進(jìn)行監(jiān)控，但這引來了公民隱私權(quán)的侵犯問題。在不斷的反對聲中，盡管各州政府設(shè)立法律保護(hù)公民的網(wǎng)絡(luò)隱私，但是聯(lián)邦卻沒有出臺明確的法律，所以并不能對無界限的網(wǎng)絡(luò)隱私起到實(shí)質(zhì)性的保護(hù)作用。作者認(rèn)為政府也應(yīng)該采取法律措施對網(wǎng)站采集顧客個(gè)人信息的做法進(jìn)行一定的管理。

　　答案及解析

　　56.D 【解析】文章開始就指出“…sparking debate over striking the correct balance between protecting civil liberties and attempting to pre-vent another tragic terrorist act.”這說明作者認(rèn)為一方面要防止類似的恐怖襲擊活動(dòng)，但另一方面也要注意保護(hù)公民的隱私權(quán)利，而且這雙方面應(yīng)該取得平衡。故應(yīng)選D。

　　57.A【解析】文中提到“…urged caution in ensuring that efforts to protect our nation do not result in broad government authority to erode privacy rights of U.S.citizens.”其意思是“保護(hù)國家的利益也不應(yīng)該傷害美國居民的個(gè)人隱私權(quán)利”，可知作者認(rèn)為這項(xiàng)提議是不公正的。故應(yīng)選A。

　　58.B 【解析】文章的第三段指出“…provided privacy protections for certain sectors through legislation such as the Financial Services Modernization Act.”意思就是“像Financial Services Modernization Act這樣的法案就是國會為了保護(hù)別人隱私而設(shè)定的�！惫蕬�(yīng)選B。

　　59.B【解析】文章第三段后兩句話“Moreover，it becomes unworkable...the Internet does not know geographic boundaries，and companies and individuals cannot be expected to comply with differing.And at times conflicting，privacy rules.”這說明各州制定的法律是不好實(shí)施的，因?yàn)榫W(wǎng)絡(luò)是不具有地域限制的。這種法律不能僅僅限制在某個(gè)州的范圍之內(nèi)。故應(yīng)選B。

　　60.D 【解析】文章后一段指出，“Congress should pass legislation…，allow customers to opt out of such data collection，and….”，意思就是說國會應(yīng)該要求網(wǎng)站公示收集用戶隱私信息的政策，通過何種方式收集的，告訴用戶怎么才能避開這些信息收集以及怎么查閱所收集的信息等內(nèi)容。opt out的意思是“避開、避免”。故應(yīng)選D。

　　Text 3

　　短文賞析

　　本文探討了犯罪率下降的原因所在。杰克•梅普爾和林德曾經(jīng)引領(lǐng)警署改革，清理****，引進(jìn)電腦等新科技，幫助警察監(jiān)控、分析犯罪。他們認(rèn)為自己的工作導(dǎo)致了犯罪率的下降。但是，雖然新技術(shù)確實(shí)有助于減少犯罪，其他地點(diǎn)的情況卻表明，犯罪率下降另有原因。一些人認(rèn)為原因是犯人數(shù)量增加了，但是卻不能確定這是一種直接原因。另外，某些地區(qū)的情況也表明犯罪率下降與犯人數(shù)量的增加沒有關(guān)聯(lián)。

　　答案及解析

　　61.D 【解析】由第一段中的“For some years，starting in New York…”可知。

　　62.C【解析】由第二段中的“Second，they have to adopt a computer system called…”可知。

　　63.D【解析】由第二段后—句“In New York，Comstat’s statistical maps are analyzed each week at a meeting of the city’s police chief and precinct captains.”可知。

　　64.A【解析】anomaly意為“反常、奇怪的事”。

　　65.C【解析】由全文可以推斷，要指出犯罪率下降的確切原因是很困難的。

　　Part B(每小題2分，共計(jì)10分)

　　短文賞析

　　這是一篇書評。這本名為《血液——醫(yī)學(xué)和商業(yè)的偉大歷史》的書雖然有一個(gè)嚇人的標(biāo)題，但是實(shí)際上只是介紹了公共健康的一些知識而已。在書中，作者記述了血液的發(fā)展歷史和從血液中受益而發(fā)展起來的行業(yè)，結(jié)尾處則分析了血液被艾滋病感染的可怕情況。本書不但記錄了幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來關(guān)于血液的故事，還介紹了二戰(zhàn)期間輸血技術(shù)的發(fā)展。戰(zhàn)爭期間血液的使用推動(dòng)了現(xiàn)代血液庫的發(fā)展，但是也造成了一個(gè)巨大的悲劇.就是艾滋痛的傳播。在80年代前期，有大量的人因?yàn)檩斞�而感染了艾滋病�，F(xiàn)在，雖然技術(shù)已經(jīng)有了進(jìn)步，還是不能完全避免艾滋病感染的危險(xiǎn)。本書中的重要一課就是必須保證人類健康不會成為商業(yè)競爭壓力和人類失誤的犧牲品。

　　答案及解析

　　66.c【解析】由下一段第一句“The book begins with…”可知，只有c放于此空處才可以與下文銜接，意思連貫。

　　67.D【解析】由上下兩段綜合分析，只有D放在此處符合邏輯。

　　68.A【解析】上一段后一句“…such as draining blood…”與A中的“The massive wartime blood drives…”對應(yīng)。

　　69.F【解析】由此空上下文可以看出，選項(xiàng)中只有F放在此處符合邏輯，上下文才能連貫。

　　70.B【解析】由上一段段意可知，B放在后一處合適。

　　Part C(每小題1分。共計(jì)10分)

　　短文解析

　　A

　　這本書介紹了進(jìn)入21世紀(jì)后，氣候變化會帶來的各種后果和應(yīng)對措施。重點(diǎn)是說明全球氣溫變化給農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展帶來的后果以及終對經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的影響。作者首先評價(jià)了國際研究院在克服環(huán)境對農(nóng)業(yè)及經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)發(fā)展的局限性上的作用，接著講述了農(nóng)業(yè)應(yīng)該如何重組來適應(yīng)環(huán)境的變換以及物種的減少，第三部分主要講述了氣候變化所帶來的影響和各種應(yīng)對措施。作者還從經(jīng)濟(jì)的角度出發(fā)，對農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展，貿(mào)易的深入，土地的使用。以及稅收政策的制定提出建議。

　　B

　　這本書指出臭氧層空洞、氣候的變換、物種的滅絕等全球問題都是由于多年來各個(gè)國家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展造成的。要想解決這些環(huán)境問題，國際社會必須加強(qiáng)合作。同時(shí)，這本書審查了國際環(huán)境法在制定過程中存在的問題以及程序。這本入門讀物主要是為研究全球環(huán)境政策的制定以及環(huán)保機(jī)構(gòu)建立的人員編寫的。

　　C

　　這本書指出工業(yè)化促進(jìn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，卻導(dǎo)致了環(huán)境的惡化。工業(yè)活動(dòng)所帶來的問題在一些發(fā)展中國家依然沒有引起重視。通過對工業(yè)發(fā)展給環(huán)境帶來的后果的界定，這本書提出了一些建議，特別對那些發(fā)展中國家。這些問題很大程度上是由于不合理的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展道路造成的。作者指出工業(yè)發(fā)展的政策是至關(guān)重要的，但要科學(xué)管理自然資源，采取凈化環(huán)境的低耗能的科學(xué)技術(shù)才是解決問題的道路。

　　D

　　這本書提出了一種非污染商品取代污染商品的邊際成本的新概念，這種設(shè)想填補(bǔ)了其他文獻(xiàn)在此領(lǐng)域的空白，有助于更好的理解污染控制的微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)問題。本書主要說明了三個(gè)問題：替代消費(fèi)問題、消減排放問題以及回避宣傳問題。

　　答案及解析

　　71.A【解析】由A中的第一段后一句話“It assesses the impact of potential feature global climate change on agriculture and the need to sustain agricultural growth…”可知。

　　72.A【解析】由A中的第二段“...to illustrate how environmental quality can be included formally in measures of national income，social welfare and sustainability.”可知。

　　73.B 【解析】由B中的第一段“Global environmental problems arise out of the accumulated impacts from many years’ and many countries’ economic development.”可知。

　　74.B【解析】由B中的第一段“...and global biodiversity is being lost by reason of thousands of years of habitat conversions.”可知。

　　75.C【解析】由c中的第二段“…a substantial agriculture sector，which contributes to deforestation，the erosion of the top soil and desertification.has led to extreme pressures on the environment and….”可知。

　　76.D【解析】由D中的第二段“The author argues that pollution is con-trolled by increasing the relative price of the polluting goods in the production process”可知。

　　77.C【解析】由C中的第一段后一句話“This source book…and provides policy advice，including the use of clean technologies and environmentally sound production techniques，….”可知。

　　78.A 【解析】由A中的后一句話“…take on an economy—wide perspective to draw lessons for agriculture，trade，land use and tax policy.”可知。

　　79.B 【解析】由B中的第一段“The ozone layer is threatened by chemical emissions;the climate is endangered from fossil and deforestation….”可知。

　　80.D【解析】由D中的第二段“In the second part，the discussion is extended to include the possibilities of preventing or abating emissions in relation to three models:...”可知。

　　Section IV Writing(計(jì)25分。權(quán)重25%)

　　One possible version:

　　For most of us today, television is our main source of news. According to a questionnaire on the way of getting news, nearly 72 percent of the people watch TV ,and only 12 percent read newspapers for daily news. Although television news excels in bringing into our living room dramatic events of singular importance, space craft launchings, natural disasters, record-breaking sports events, presidential inaugurations, wars, murders and so on, it cannot cover important stories in the depth they may deserve because of its time limitations. Regardless of the complexity or significance of an event, it somehow must be fitted into a prescribed number of minutes. On the other hand, while the newspaper cannot compete with television visually, for example, a war is often best communicated by pictures, not words, it may beat its rival with amore in-depth version of the event. Free of time restrictions imposed on television news, a newspaper can devote as much space to a story as it sees fit, and flesh it out with more vivid details.

　　Furthermore, television by nature is a passive medium, for it deprives viewers of the freedom of selection. Whether you like or dislike a particular piece of news, all you have to do is sit in front of the tube and let it happen

　　and follow its space passively. But by reading newspapers, you can select the most interesting news, and skip what you think is irrelevant and dull; you can read in detail or briefly. Besides, watching television involves little mental activity. A constant diet of television journalism contributes to the rise in new illiteracy ,and the decline in general intellectual skills such as reading and writing. In contrast to television news, the print media encourage active involvement in what's being reported. The readers have to make greater efforts than TV viewers to follow and absorb the stories. But they acquire more in-formation and news. Reading requires high level of mental involvement, which, in turn, improves our intellectual competence. When we consider television versus print journalism on the basis of format, coverage and nature, is there any question as to which is the better source of news?