Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hard-working and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don't know where they should go next.
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.
While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. “ Those things that do not show up in the test scores — personality, ability, courage or humanity ― are completely ignored, ” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee. “ Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild. ” Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War Ⅱ had weakened the “ Japanese morality of respect for parents. ”
But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. “ In Japan, ” says educator Yoko Muro, “ it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure. ” With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.
23. In the Westerners’ eyes, the postwar Japan was_____.
[A]under aimless development
[B]a positive example
[C]a rival to the West
[D]on the decline
24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?
[A]Women's participation in social activities is limited.
[B]More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.
[C]Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.
[D]The life-style has been influenced by Western values.
25. Which of the following is true according to the author?
[A]Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder
[B]Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.
[C]More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.
[D]Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.
26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that____.
[A]the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life.
[B]the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.
[C]the Japanese endure more than ever before
[D]the Japanese appreciate their present life
答案解析
23. In the Westerners’eyes, the postwar Japan was_____.
在西方人看來，戰(zhàn)后的日本是 _____ 。
[A]under aimless development 盲目發(fā)展
[B]a positive example 一個(gè)積極的例子
[C]a rival to the West 西方的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手
[D]on the decline 在衰退中
【答案】 B
【考點(diǎn)】 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【分析】 文章第一段第一句就指出，“盲目性不是戰(zhàn)后日本的特色，它的生產(chǎn)率和社會(huì)的和諧為美國(guó)和歐洲所羨慕�！币簿褪钦f是一個(gè)積極的正面的例子。 [A] 違反了第一句。 [C] 選項(xiàng)和 [D] 選項(xiàng)不是本文談?wù)摰脑掝}。
24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?
根據(jù)本文作者的觀點(diǎn)，日本社會(huì)道德滑坡的主要原因是什么?
[A] Women's participation in social activities is limited.
婦女參加社會(huì)活動(dòng)受到限制。
[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.
越來越多的工人對(duì)自己的工作感到不滿。
[C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.
過多地注重基礎(chǔ)教育。
[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.
生活方式受西方價(jià)值觀的影響。
【答案】 D
【考點(diǎn)】 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【分析】 文中第一段指出日本人正在逐漸經(jīng)歷傳統(tǒng)工作道德價(jià)值觀的日益滑坡，說“十年前，年輕人工作努力，將工作看作是生存 (being) 的重要?jiǎng)恿Α保�，日本目前在很大程度上滿足了其經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要，年輕人反而不知道下一步的發(fā)展目標(biāo)了。具體提到道德滑坡是在第三段，文中提到校園暴力，提到“保守黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人正在力圖重新重視戰(zhàn)前那種道德教育”，“ Mitsuo Setoyama ”更是冒出“驚人之語(yǔ)” (raise the eyebrows) ，他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為二戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)占領(lǐng)*引進(jìn)的自由改革削弱了“日本人尊敬父母的道德觀”。而在下文，作者更是直接提出，“但是，這可能和日本人的生活方式關(guān)系更大。人們已經(jīng)拋棄了社區(qū)和大家庭，而更加喜歡單門獨(dú)戶的兩代人構(gòu)成的家庭，舊的集體和家庭價(jià)值觀被削弱”。由此可見，本題的答案就是 [D] 選項(xiàng)。
25. Which of the following is true according to the author?
在作者看來，以下哪一個(gè)是正確的?
[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.
日本的教育受人稱道，因?yàn)樗兄谀贻p人攀登社會(huì)階梯。
[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.
日本教育的特點(diǎn)就是既有機(jī)械性的學(xué)習(xí)又有創(chuàng)造力的培養(yǎng)。
[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.
應(yīng)該更加強(qiáng)調(diào)創(chuàng)造力的培養(yǎng)上。
[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.
輟學(xué)導(dǎo)致了對(duì)應(yīng)試的挫折感。
【答案】 C
【考點(diǎn)】 作者觀點(diǎn)題。
【分析】 [A] 說法是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)槿毡镜慕逃艿酵鈬?guó)人贊賞的原因是“它強(qiáng)調(diào)整礎(chǔ)教育”。 [B] 說法是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)槲闹刑岬健八鼜?qiáng)調(diào)考試和機(jī)械學(xué)習(xí)而不是創(chuàng)造性和自我表現(xiàn)”。 [C] 是正確的，因?yàn)槲闹刑岬健八鼜?qiáng)調(diào)考試和機(jī)械學(xué)習(xí)超過創(chuàng)造性和自我表現(xiàn)”�！澳切┰诳挤种胁荒荏w現(xiàn)的東西——個(gè)性、能力、勇氣或人性——完全被忽視了，”執(zhí)政的自民黨教育委員會(huì)主席“ Toshiki Kaifu ”說，“這類事情造成的挫折致使孩子輟學(xué)以及變得狂野”，這說明日本應(yīng)該更加強(qiáng)調(diào)創(chuàng)造力的培養(yǎng)。 [D] 的說法是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)槲闹姓f“這類事情造成的挫折致使孩子輟學(xué)以及變得狂野”，該選項(xiàng)故意混淆了原因和結(jié)果。
26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that____.
日本人生活方式的變化體現(xiàn)在下面的 一個(gè)事實(shí)中。
[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life
年輕人對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中困苦的忍受力下降
[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.
日本的離婚率超過美國(guó)的
[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before
日本人忍受的東西比以前更多了
[D] the Japanese appreciate their present life
日本人欣賞他們目前的生活
【答案】 A
【考點(diǎn)】 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【分析】 文中提到教育家“ Yoko Muro ”。他說“在日本，你喜歡不喜歡自己的工作和生活，這從來都不是問題，問題是你有多大的承受力”。然后在最后一段里面提到“家庭結(jié)構(gòu)的改變，舊的集體和家庭價(jià)值觀的削弱，人們的不滿凸現(xiàn)”。也就是說“日本人以前默默地忍受生活的困苦，但是，現(xiàn)在年輕的日本人覺得這種犧牲太大，對(duì)此產(chǎn)生了逆反情緒”。因此可以判定“日本人的生活方式的變化體現(xiàn)年輕人對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的困苦忍受力下降”。 [B] 的說法是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)第四段最后一句，“日本人的離婚率仍然低于美國(guó)人的”。 [C] 在文中找不到很據(jù)。 [D] 可以根據(jù)“最近一次調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)只有 24.5% 的日本學(xué)生對(duì)學(xué)校生活完全滿意，相比之下，美國(guó)學(xué)生的比例是 62.7% 。此外，與被調(diào)查的其他 10 個(gè)國(guó)家的工人相比，對(duì)自身工作表示不滿的日本工人多得多”進(jìn)行排除。
難句解析：
1. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句的主語(yǔ)有兩個(gè)。一個(gè)是“ The coming of age of the postwar baby boom ”;另外一個(gè)是“ an entry of women into the male-dominated job market ”。謂語(yǔ)是“ have limited ”。賓語(yǔ)是“ the opportunities of teen-agers ”。“ who ” 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句修飾賓語(yǔ)�！� involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs ”是“ personal sacrifices ”的后置定語(yǔ)。
2. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “ Japanese morality of respect for parents. ”
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句主句結(jié)構(gòu)是“ Mitsuo Setoyama raised eyebrows ”。插入語(yǔ)“ who was then education minister ”是主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)，“ when ” 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，“ that ”引導(dǎo)的從句做“ argued ”的賓語(yǔ)，該賓語(yǔ)從句中主語(yǔ)是“ liberal reforms ”，謂語(yǔ)是“ had weakened ”，賓語(yǔ)是“ the ‘ Japanese morality of respect for parents ’”，“ introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II ”是“ liberal reforms ”的定語(yǔ)。
全文翻譯：
盲目性不是戰(zhàn)后日本的特色，它的生產(chǎn)率和社會(huì)的和諧為美國(guó)和歐洲所羨慕。但是，日本人正在逐漸經(jīng)歷傳統(tǒng)工作道德價(jià)值觀的日益滑坡。 10 年前，日本年輕人工作勤奮，將工作視為他們存在的主要理由，但如今日本基本上已經(jīng)滿足了其經(jīng)濟(jì)需求，年輕人卻不知道他們隨后該去何方。
戰(zhàn)后嬰兒出生高峰期出生的人已到成年，以及婦女進(jìn)入男性主宰的就業(yè)市場(chǎng)，限制了青少年的發(fā)展機(jī)遇，這些青少年已經(jīng)開始質(zhì)疑攀登日本等級(jí)森嚴(yán)的社會(huì)階梯以求進(jìn)好學(xué)校，找好工作中付出的沉重的個(gè)人犧牲是否值得。最近一次調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)只有 24.5% 的日本學(xué)生對(duì)學(xué)校生活完全滿意，相比之下，美國(guó)學(xué)生的比例是 62.7% 。此外，與被調(diào)查的其他 10 個(gè)國(guó)家的工人相比，對(duì)自身工作表示不滿的日本工人多得多。
雖然日本的教育因強(qiáng)調(diào)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)而經(jīng)常受到外國(guó)人的贊揚(yáng)，但是它強(qiáng)調(diào)考試和機(jī)械學(xué)習(xí)而不是創(chuàng)造性和自我表現(xiàn)�！澳切┰诳挤种胁荒荏w現(xiàn)的東西——個(gè)性、能力、勇氣或人性——完全被忽視了，”執(zhí)政的自民黨教育委員會(huì)主席 Toshiki Kaifu 說，“這類事情造成的挫折致使孩子輟學(xué)以及變得狂野�！比ツ耆毡景l(fā)生了 2,125 起校園暴力事件，其中包括 929 起襲擊老師事件。在*聲中，許多保守黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人正在力圖重新重視戰(zhàn)前那種道德教育;去年，時(shí)任教育大臣的 Mitsuo Setoyama 就冒出驚人之語(yǔ)，他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為二戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)占領(lǐng)*引進(jìn)的自由改革削弱了“日本人尊敬父母的道德觀”。
但是，這可能和日本人的生活方式關(guān)系更大。教育家 Yoko Muro 說“在日本，你喜歡不喜歡自己的工作和生活，這從來都不是問題，問題是你有多大的承受力�！苯�(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)伴隨著人口的集中，在日本 1.19 億人當(dāng)中， 76% 的人住在城市，在那里，人們已經(jīng)拋棄了社區(qū)和大家庭，而更加喜歡單門獨(dú)戶的兩代人構(gòu)成的家庭。日本的城里人長(zhǎng)期忍受著漫長(zhǎng)的上下班來回路程和擁擠的居住條件，但是隨著舊的集體和家庭價(jià)值觀的削弱，人們的不滿開始顯現(xiàn)。在過去 10 年中，日本的離婚率雖然仍遠(yuǎn)在美國(guó)之下，但是也已經(jīng)上升了 50% ，而自殺則上升了近 1/4 。
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.
While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. “ Those things that do not show up in the test scores — personality, ability, courage or humanity ― are completely ignored, ” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee. “ Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild. ” Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War Ⅱ had weakened the “ Japanese morality of respect for parents. ”
But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. “ In Japan, ” says educator Yoko Muro, “ it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure. ” With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.
23. In the Westerners’ eyes, the postwar Japan was_____.
[A]under aimless development
[B]a positive example
[C]a rival to the West
[D]on the decline
24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?
[A]Women's participation in social activities is limited.
[B]More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.
[C]Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.
[D]The life-style has been influenced by Western values.
25. Which of the following is true according to the author?
[A]Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder
[B]Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.
[C]More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.
[D]Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.
26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that____.
[A]the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life.
[B]the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.
[C]the Japanese endure more than ever before
[D]the Japanese appreciate their present life
答案解析
23. In the Westerners’eyes, the postwar Japan was_____.
在西方人看來，戰(zhàn)后的日本是 _____ 。
[A]under aimless development 盲目發(fā)展
[B]a positive example 一個(gè)積極的例子
[C]a rival to the West 西方的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手
[D]on the decline 在衰退中
【答案】 B
【考點(diǎn)】 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【分析】 文章第一段第一句就指出，“盲目性不是戰(zhàn)后日本的特色，它的生產(chǎn)率和社會(huì)的和諧為美國(guó)和歐洲所羨慕�！币簿褪钦f是一個(gè)積極的正面的例子。 [A] 違反了第一句。 [C] 選項(xiàng)和 [D] 選項(xiàng)不是本文談?wù)摰脑掝}。
24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?
根據(jù)本文作者的觀點(diǎn)，日本社會(huì)道德滑坡的主要原因是什么?
[A] Women's participation in social activities is limited.
婦女參加社會(huì)活動(dòng)受到限制。
[B] More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.
越來越多的工人對(duì)自己的工作感到不滿。
[C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.
過多地注重基礎(chǔ)教育。
[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.
生活方式受西方價(jià)值觀的影響。
【答案】 D
【考點(diǎn)】 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【分析】 文中第一段指出日本人正在逐漸經(jīng)歷傳統(tǒng)工作道德價(jià)值觀的日益滑坡，說“十年前，年輕人工作努力，將工作看作是生存 (being) 的重要?jiǎng)恿Α保�，日本目前在很大程度上滿足了其經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要，年輕人反而不知道下一步的發(fā)展目標(biāo)了。具體提到道德滑坡是在第三段，文中提到校園暴力，提到“保守黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人正在力圖重新重視戰(zhàn)前那種道德教育”，“ Mitsuo Setoyama ”更是冒出“驚人之語(yǔ)” (raise the eyebrows) ，他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為二戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)占領(lǐng)*引進(jìn)的自由改革削弱了“日本人尊敬父母的道德觀”。而在下文，作者更是直接提出，“但是，這可能和日本人的生活方式關(guān)系更大。人們已經(jīng)拋棄了社區(qū)和大家庭，而更加喜歡單門獨(dú)戶的兩代人構(gòu)成的家庭，舊的集體和家庭價(jià)值觀被削弱”。由此可見，本題的答案就是 [D] 選項(xiàng)。
25. Which of the following is true according to the author?
在作者看來，以下哪一個(gè)是正確的?
[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.
日本的教育受人稱道，因?yàn)樗兄谀贻p人攀登社會(huì)階梯。
[B] Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.
日本教育的特點(diǎn)就是既有機(jī)械性的學(xué)習(xí)又有創(chuàng)造力的培養(yǎng)。
[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.
應(yīng)該更加強(qiáng)調(diào)創(chuàng)造力的培養(yǎng)上。
[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.
輟學(xué)導(dǎo)致了對(duì)應(yīng)試的挫折感。
【答案】 C
【考點(diǎn)】 作者觀點(diǎn)題。
【分析】 [A] 說法是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)槿毡镜慕逃艿酵鈬?guó)人贊賞的原因是“它強(qiáng)調(diào)整礎(chǔ)教育”。 [B] 說法是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)槲闹刑岬健八鼜?qiáng)調(diào)考試和機(jī)械學(xué)習(xí)而不是創(chuàng)造性和自我表現(xiàn)”。 [C] 是正確的，因?yàn)槲闹刑岬健八鼜?qiáng)調(diào)考試和機(jī)械學(xué)習(xí)超過創(chuàng)造性和自我表現(xiàn)”�！澳切┰诳挤种胁荒荏w現(xiàn)的東西——個(gè)性、能力、勇氣或人性——完全被忽視了，”執(zhí)政的自民黨教育委員會(huì)主席“ Toshiki Kaifu ”說，“這類事情造成的挫折致使孩子輟學(xué)以及變得狂野”，這說明日本應(yīng)該更加強(qiáng)調(diào)創(chuàng)造力的培養(yǎng)。 [D] 的說法是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)槲闹姓f“這類事情造成的挫折致使孩子輟學(xué)以及變得狂野”，該選項(xiàng)故意混淆了原因和結(jié)果。
26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that____.
日本人生活方式的變化體現(xiàn)在下面的 一個(gè)事實(shí)中。
[A] the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life
年輕人對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中困苦的忍受力下降
[B] the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.
日本的離婚率超過美國(guó)的
[C] the Japanese endure more than ever before
日本人忍受的東西比以前更多了
[D] the Japanese appreciate their present life
日本人欣賞他們目前的生活
【答案】 A
【考點(diǎn)】 事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。
【分析】 文中提到教育家“ Yoko Muro ”。他說“在日本，你喜歡不喜歡自己的工作和生活，這從來都不是問題，問題是你有多大的承受力”。然后在最后一段里面提到“家庭結(jié)構(gòu)的改變，舊的集體和家庭價(jià)值觀的削弱，人們的不滿凸現(xiàn)”。也就是說“日本人以前默默地忍受生活的困苦，但是，現(xiàn)在年輕的日本人覺得這種犧牲太大，對(duì)此產(chǎn)生了逆反情緒”。因此可以判定“日本人的生活方式的變化體現(xiàn)年輕人對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)生活中的困苦忍受力下降”。 [B] 的說法是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)楦鶕?jù)第四段最后一句，“日本人的離婚率仍然低于美國(guó)人的”。 [C] 在文中找不到很據(jù)。 [D] 可以根據(jù)“最近一次調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)只有 24.5% 的日本學(xué)生對(duì)學(xué)校生活完全滿意，相比之下，美國(guó)學(xué)生的比例是 62.7% 。此外，與被調(diào)查的其他 10 個(gè)國(guó)家的工人相比，對(duì)自身工作表示不滿的日本工人多得多”進(jìn)行排除。
難句解析：
1. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teenagers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs.
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句的主語(yǔ)有兩個(gè)。一個(gè)是“ The coming of age of the postwar baby boom ”;另外一個(gè)是“ an entry of women into the male-dominated job market ”。謂語(yǔ)是“ have limited ”。賓語(yǔ)是“ the opportunities of teen-agers ”。“ who ” 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句修飾賓語(yǔ)�！� involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs ”是“ personal sacrifices ”的后置定語(yǔ)。
2. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “ Japanese morality of respect for parents. ”
【結(jié)構(gòu)分析】 本句主句結(jié)構(gòu)是“ Mitsuo Setoyama raised eyebrows ”。插入語(yǔ)“ who was then education minister ”是主語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)，“ when ” 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，“ that ”引導(dǎo)的從句做“ argued ”的賓語(yǔ)，該賓語(yǔ)從句中主語(yǔ)是“ liberal reforms ”，謂語(yǔ)是“ had weakened ”，賓語(yǔ)是“ the ‘ Japanese morality of respect for parents ’”，“ introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II ”是“ liberal reforms ”的定語(yǔ)。
全文翻譯：
盲目性不是戰(zhàn)后日本的特色，它的生產(chǎn)率和社會(huì)的和諧為美國(guó)和歐洲所羨慕。但是，日本人正在逐漸經(jīng)歷傳統(tǒng)工作道德價(jià)值觀的日益滑坡。 10 年前，日本年輕人工作勤奮，將工作視為他們存在的主要理由，但如今日本基本上已經(jīng)滿足了其經(jīng)濟(jì)需求，年輕人卻不知道他們隨后該去何方。
戰(zhàn)后嬰兒出生高峰期出生的人已到成年，以及婦女進(jìn)入男性主宰的就業(yè)市場(chǎng)，限制了青少年的發(fā)展機(jī)遇，這些青少年已經(jīng)開始質(zhì)疑攀登日本等級(jí)森嚴(yán)的社會(huì)階梯以求進(jìn)好學(xué)校，找好工作中付出的沉重的個(gè)人犧牲是否值得。最近一次調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)只有 24.5% 的日本學(xué)生對(duì)學(xué)校生活完全滿意，相比之下，美國(guó)學(xué)生的比例是 62.7% 。此外，與被調(diào)查的其他 10 個(gè)國(guó)家的工人相比，對(duì)自身工作表示不滿的日本工人多得多。
雖然日本的教育因強(qiáng)調(diào)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)而經(jīng)常受到外國(guó)人的贊揚(yáng)，但是它強(qiáng)調(diào)考試和機(jī)械學(xué)習(xí)而不是創(chuàng)造性和自我表現(xiàn)�！澳切┰诳挤种胁荒荏w現(xiàn)的東西——個(gè)性、能力、勇氣或人性——完全被忽視了，”執(zhí)政的自民黨教育委員會(huì)主席 Toshiki Kaifu 說，“這類事情造成的挫折致使孩子輟學(xué)以及變得狂野�！比ツ耆毡景l(fā)生了 2,125 起校園暴力事件，其中包括 929 起襲擊老師事件。在*聲中，許多保守黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人正在力圖重新重視戰(zhàn)前那種道德教育;去年，時(shí)任教育大臣的 Mitsuo Setoyama 就冒出驚人之語(yǔ)，他堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為二戰(zhàn)后美國(guó)占領(lǐng)*引進(jìn)的自由改革削弱了“日本人尊敬父母的道德觀”。
但是，這可能和日本人的生活方式關(guān)系更大。教育家 Yoko Muro 說“在日本，你喜歡不喜歡自己的工作和生活，這從來都不是問題，問題是你有多大的承受力�！苯�(jīng)濟(jì)的增長(zhǎng)伴隨著人口的集中，在日本 1.19 億人當(dāng)中， 76% 的人住在城市，在那里，人們已經(jīng)拋棄了社區(qū)和大家庭，而更加喜歡單門獨(dú)戶的兩代人構(gòu)成的家庭。日本的城里人長(zhǎng)期忍受著漫長(zhǎng)的上下班來回路程和擁擠的居住條件，但是隨著舊的集體和家庭價(jià)值觀的削弱，人們的不滿開始顯現(xiàn)。在過去 10 年中，日本的離婚率雖然仍遠(yuǎn)在美國(guó)之下，但是也已經(jīng)上升了 50% ，而自殺則上升了近 1/4 。
