（一）被動語態(tài) 動詞的語態(tài)主要分為兩種：主動語態(tài)與被動語態(tài)主動語態(tài)指主語是謂語功作的執(zhí)行者，。者為主動關系。被動語態(tài)指主語是謂語動作的承受者，。者為被功關系。 I have done the job.（主動句） The job has been done.（被動句） 1．被動語態(tài)根據(jù)時態(tài)的不同，可分為以下幾種類型： 一般現(xiàn)在時：am/is/are+done; 一般過去時：was/were+done 現(xiàn)在進行時：am/is/are+being done 過去進行時：was/were+being done 將來時 ：will/would+be done,be going to be done, be to be done 現(xiàn)在完成時：have/has +been done 過去完成時：had+been done 將來完成時：will+have been done 2被動語態(tài)門主功語態(tài)一樣具有不同時態(tài)，其時態(tài)的變化取決于時間狀語，其時態(tài)的變化形式由其助動詞be的事態(tài)變化形式來體現(xiàn) The house is being painted now.（現(xiàn)在進行時被動語態(tài)） Eru0ugh has been said to him about it.（現(xiàn)在完成時被動語態(tài)） The furniture was bought last week..（過去時被動語態(tài)） You'll be punished one day.（將來時被動語態(tài)） 3．被動語態(tài)的意義 （1）不知道或沒必要指出行為、動作的執(zhí)行者（無須加buy短語） Colour TV sets are sold in that shop. Football is plated all over the world. (2)突出和強調行為或動作的承受著。 History is made by the people. The wounded soldiers have been saved by those people. (3)有時主語較長，可后置。 It's said that we have won the game. 4．在使役動詞makr及感官動詞see ，hear….等動詞的被動語態(tài)形式后面出現(xiàn)的作主語補足語的不定式須加不定式符號“to"? The teacher made Tom answer it again.（主動語態(tài)，不加“to" ) Tom was made to answer it again.（被動語態(tài)，加“to" ) 5.短語動詞的被動語態(tài)要注意不可丟失其附加的介詞、副詞或短語。 look at，laugh at，send for，call on，carry out， listen to，take care of ,make use of,depend on，pay attention to，hand in，put on，look up，give up〕等. 6. be＋過去分詞可以是被動語態(tài)形式，也可以是系表結構形式。區(qū)別是，系表結構表示主語狀態(tài)或特征，不帶by短語；而被動語態(tài)是表示主語的一個被動動作，可以帶by短語。 The job was well done.（系表結構） The job was well done by a skilled worker.（被動語態(tài)） The composition is well written.（系表結構） The composition is written with great care;.（被動語態(tài)） 7．原來主動語態(tài)中的賓語如果是從句，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，要用形式主語it. It has been known to him that many friends will come to see him. It is said that this book has been translated into several languages. 8．有一些動詞不能用被動語態(tài)。 break out，take place，happen，belong to，cost，suit，fit，have，let, wear, weigh. suffer, pass, kill the time, enter, last, meet（遇見），join（參加），fail等 9．賓語為反身代詞時，不用被動語態(tài)，只用主動語態(tài)形式。 The man introduced himself as Mr. Wang. 10．有些動詞或情態(tài)動詞常用所接的不定式來表示被動意義。 如：happen，pretend，seem，used to，ought to，appear等。 The house used to be painted white. The job has to be done before dark. On the way we happened to be caught in the rain. 11．有些動名詞在want, need, require和介詞worth后形式為主動，意義為被動。 12．有些動詞用主動形式來表示被動意義。如：clean, sell,look，lock，open，write，read，wash,feel等。 This kind of cloth washes easily. These books sell well.（好賣） The door doesn't lock. The door can't open. This pen writes very well. 13．除助動詞be可以構成被動語態(tài)外，get, become等詞也可以＋過去分詞構成被動意義。 She was unhappy because she didn't get invited to the party.
（。）主謂一致。 主謂一致指的是句子的謂語動詞與其主語在數(shù)上必須保持一致，句子的主語是第三人稱單數(shù)，其謂語動詞須用單數(shù)，主語是復數(shù)，則謂語動詞用復數(shù)。 1．主謂一致的三個原則。 英語中的主謂一致主要遵循三個原則：意義一致原則、語法一致原則和就近原則。這三個原則常常發(fā)生矛盾，但當發(fā)生沖突時，意義一致原則為優(yōu)先考慮的原則。 (1)語法一致原則： 主語和謂語通常是在語法形式上取得一致，即主語是單數(shù)形式，謂語動詞也應采取單數(shù)形式；主語是復數(shù)形式，謂語動詞也應采取復數(shù)形式。 She is a girl．她是女孩。 They are all girls．她們都是女孩。 The professor and writer is invited to many universities to deliver lectures. 這位教授兼作家被邀請到很多大學作報告。 （教授與作家是同一個人，是單數(shù).） The old are very well taken care of in our city．老年人在我們城市被照顧得很好。( the old指所有的老年人，指一類人，為復數(shù)概念。） (2)就近原則： 謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)由靠近它的主語決定。 There is a book，two pens and three pencils on the desk. 書桌上有一本書，兩支鋼筆和三支鉛筆。 There are two pens，a book and three pencils on the desk. 書桌上有兩支鋼筆，一本書和三支鉛筆。 Either my sisters or my mother is coming. 不是我的姐妹們就是我的媽媽要來。 (3)意義一致原則： 主語形式上是單數(shù)，但表達復數(shù)意義，那么謂語動詞要用復數(shù)形式；或主語形式上是復數(shù)，但表達單數(shù)意義，則謂語動詞也采用單數(shù)形式。 The police are still running after the murderer. 警察還在追殺人犯。 The news was very exciting. 這則新聞令人激動。 My family were watching TV at 7 o'clock. 7點鐘的時候，我們全家人在看電視。 My family has moved three times．我們家搬過三次。
2．主謂一致的應用。 (1)單一主語的情況。 單一主語指的是由一個中心名詞或名詞短語構成的主語，其主語與謂語的一致情況如下： ①不定代詞作主語 a．不定代詞either, neither, each, one, the other, another,someone，somebody，something，anyone，anybody，anything，everyone, everybody, everything, nobody, no one, nothing等作主語時，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)、 b. none作主語時如果指人或可數(shù)的物，表數(shù)目，謂語動詞單復數(shù)形式皆可；如果指不可數(shù)名詞，表量，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 Jimmy has used up all the money. None is left. 吉米把所有的錢都用光了，一點沒留。 c. neither/either of＋復數(shù)名詞或復數(shù)形式的代詞，謂語動詞可用單數(shù)，也可用復數(shù)。 Neither of these words is correct. 這些單詞沒有一個是正確的。 d. the other two（…），the other three（…）another two( ... ) , both等作主語時謂語動詞用復數(shù)、 Five people came to help，but another three were still needed. 已經有五個人來幫忙了，但我們還需要三個 e. all指人時作主語，謂語動詞用復數(shù)；指全部事情時，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)‘ All the work was finished. 所有的活都干完了 All is going well一切都很正常. f．在each… . and each，every….and every，no….and no,many a. . . and many a等由and連接并列單數(shù)主語的結構中，謂語動詞用單數(shù)、 Each boy and each girl has got a seat. 每個男孩和女孩都有一個座位. Every man and everv woman is at work. 每個男人和女人都在工作. No sound and no voice is heard for a long while. 很長時間沒有聽到一點聲音 Every boy and every girl likes the film star. 所有的男孩和女孩都喜歡這個電影明星 g. such山作主語時，謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式應根據(jù)其意義而定、 Such is Stephen Hawking，who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much． 這就是史蒂芬?霍金，遭受著巨大痛苦而作出巨大成就的人。 Such as have plenty of money want more money. 那些有足夠錢的人還想要更多的錢。 ②集合名詞作主語 a．有些集體名詞，如people, cattle, police等形式上是單數(shù)，但意義上是復數(shù)，謂語動詞需用復數(shù)。 People are talking about the accident happened yesterday. 人們還在談論昨天發(fā)生的那場事故。 b．集合名詞，如audience（觀眾），army, class, crew船員），company（公司），crowd（人群），enemy, family, group, government(政府)，public (公眾)，population(人口),team(隊員)等作主語時，若作為一個整體看待，謂語用單數(shù)；若著眼于組成該集體的一個個成員或個體時，謂語就該用復數(shù)。 The population in China is very large and 80% of the population live in rural areas. 中國人口很多，其中80％的人住在農村。 c. 有些以-sh, -ese , -ch結尾的表示國家、民族的形容詞與the連用時表示復數(shù)含義，謂語動詞用復數(shù)如the English, the Chinese，the French等 The English are a polite people．英國是一個禮儀之邦。 ③以復數(shù)形式結尾的特殊名詞作主語 a．以一ics結尾的表示學科名稱的名詞作主語時，謂語用單數(shù). Politics is taught in our school. 我們學校開設政治課。 b．專有名詞如國名、人名、書名、組織機構等作主語，形式上即使是復數(shù)，謂語動詞也要用單數(shù)，如the United Nations, the United States，the New York Times等。 Lu Xun's works sells well. 魯迅的著作很暢銷。 c．有些名詞如。arnings, thanks, goods, leavings（殘渣，剩余），clothes, trousers, belongings（財產），savings, scissor，等作主語，其謂語動詞只能用復數(shù)形式 The family were saved but the belongings were lost. 這一家人獲救，但損失了所有財產。 d. means , sheep , (leer, crossroad、等單復數(shù)同形的名詞作主語，謂語動詞根據(jù)其單復數(shù)而定 Each means has been tried to solve the problem，but none is effective. 每一種方法都試過，但沒有一個是有效的。 ④含有修飾語的名詞作主語 a一些由兩個對應部分組成一體的復數(shù)名詞，如trousers , pants, glasses, scissgrs等作主語，前面若無a pair of, a suit of, a set of, a series of等這類單位詞，通常作復數(shù)用，謂語動詞作復數(shù)。若帶有單位詞，則由單位詞的單復數(shù)決定謂語動詞的單復數(shù)形式。 My shoes are under the bed．我的鞋在床下。 His black trousers are too long．他的那條黑褲子太長了。 Your glasses are on your nose．你的眼鏡在鼻子上。 但若這類名詞與a pair連用時，謂語動詞往往用單數(shù)。 This pair of shoes is made in Beijing．這雙鞋子是北京制造的。 There is a pair of glasses on your bed．你的床上有副眼鏡。 b. a number of'意為“許多”，修飾可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)時謂語一般也用復數(shù)：the number of意為“……的數(shù)目”，作主語時，謂語?只能用單數(shù) A number of the other plants were found in America. 在美洲還發(fā)現(xiàn)了許多別的植物。 The number of people who travel by plane in China is larger than ever before． 在中國乘飛機旅行的人數(shù)比以往多了。 c．只修飾可數(shù)名詞的量詞several, a few, few, quite a few, a great manv(of...）作主語，謂語動詞應用復數(shù)形式；其修飾的名詞作主語、謂語動詞也應用復數(shù)形式 Usually few regard their work as a pleasure. 通常很少有人把工作當成娛樂。 d. some, plenty of', a lot ( of) , lots( of）等詞既可修飾可數(shù)名詞，又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞，謂語的形式應根據(jù)所修飾詞而定、 A lot of students are coming to the meeting. 很多學生要來參加這次會議。 A lot of work is to be done to prepare for the conference. 為了準備會議，還有很多工作要做。 〔注意」a quantity( of) , ( large )quantities( of）作主語或其修飾的名詞作主語，謂語動詞應根據(jù)quantity的單復數(shù)形式而定。 Quantities of money are needed to equip the school. 學校安裝設備需要很多錢。 A quantity of story books has been bought for the children. 為孩子們買了大量的故事書： e. a great/ good deal( of)，a little，quite a little，a large amount( of）等修飾不可數(shù)名詞的量詞作主語或修飾的名詞作主語，謂語動詞只能用單數(shù)形式 A great deal of time was wasted playing but ought to have been fully used． 很多時間在玩耍中浪費掉了，但本應好好利用的 f. "more than one十單數(shù)名詞”盡管意義上是復數(shù)，但因中心詞是單數(shù)形式，謂語也必須用單數(shù)以符合語法一致的原則在“more＋復數(shù)名詞＋than one”結構之后，謂語常用復數(shù)． More than one person was injured in the accident. 不止一人在這次事故中受傷－ More members than one are against the proposal. 反對這項提議的會員不止一個 g. "one or two +復數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用復數(shù) One or two students were planting trees yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午有一兩個學生在植樹 h．表示時間、距離、價格、度量衡的復數(shù)名詞與pass, go by，waste, use, spend等詞連用時，謂語動詞用復數(shù) Five years have passed since I joined the Party．我入黨五年了 i. one or two 后接復數(shù)名詞，謂語要用復數(shù)但在“a/an十單數(shù)名詞＋or two”結構之后，謂語卻常用單數(shù) One or two days are enough for this work.=A day or two is enough for this work. 干這活一兩天就夠了 j. the rest（of…），the remaining，part（of...），one half'( of…）等詞或短語作主語和它們所修飾的名詞或代詞作主語，謂語動詞應根據(jù)主語所表達的單復數(shù)而定 Part of his story was not true．他講的故事有一部分不是真的。 Part of the foreign teachers in our school are from Canada.我們學校一部分外籍教師來自加拿大. k．當“幾分之幾（百分之幾）+ of＋名詞”結構作主語時，一般也應根據(jù)of后的名詞的單復數(shù)決定謂語動詞的單復數(shù)"one and a half +復數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語一般用單數(shù). This is because two thirds of the earth's surface is made up of vast oceans． 這是因為地球表面積的2/3是由廣闊的海洋構成的 Two thirds of these tasks have been completed. 這些任務已經完成了三分之。 One and a half days is all I can spare. 我只能抽出一天半的時間 It is reported that in this area one in four people suffers from lung cancer. 據(jù)報道在此地區(qū)有四分之一的人患肺癌（一般情況下，one in ten作主語和其修飾的名詞作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式）
(2）非謂語形式、從句作主語 ①單獨的不定式、動詞的一ing形式作主語時，謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式：如果多個非謂語動詞連在一起表達同一概念，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式；如果表達不同概念，謂語動詞用復數(shù) Persuading him to join us seems really hard. 勸他加入我們似乎很難。 To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit. 早睡早起是好習慣。 To work and to live are two different things but they are always together. 雖然工作和生活是兩件不同的事情，但是它們永遠相伴 。 ②that，what，who，which，when，where，why，whatever, whoever,whichever, whenever, whereve：等引導的從句作主語或單獨引導疑問句時，應根據(jù)概念上一致的原則決定謂語動詞的數(shù) "That .lack has gone abroad makes us all surprised. 杰克出國去了使我們都很驚訝 Who is Abraham Lincoln？林肯是誰？ Who are talking with each other？誰在相互討論？
(3)以并列結構作主語的主謂一致 ① and及both... and... a. 一般來說，兩個單數(shù)主語用and連接起來，表示兩個不同的人或物，謂語動詞用復數(shù)；但如果兩個并列的單數(shù)主語在意義上指同一個人、同一個事物或同一個概念，謂語動詞必須用單數(shù) A smile and handshake show welcome．微笑和握手表示歡迎 The poet and writer has produced many works.這個詩人兼作家寫出很多作品、 b．并列主語由or, either.. . or. . . , neither... nor. . . , not only…but also…連接時，謂語動詞常與鄰近的主語保持人稱、數(shù)的一致 Either the teacher or the students are to blame. 或者是老師，或者是學生要受到責備 Not only the students but also their teacher doesn't know about it． 不僅僅是學生，還有他們的老師都對此一無所知＿ Neither you nor I am fit for the work. 你和我都不適合干這個工作－ Are neither you nor I fit for the work? 你和我都不適合干這個工作嗎？
(4)假性主語的主謂一致 with,together with（連同），along with（和?????一起），as wellas（也），like（諸如），such as（諸如），as much as, no less than（和????一樣），rather than（而不是），including, besides, but,except, in addition以除……之外）等短語后的主語稱為假性主語，謂語動詞仍然根據(jù)原主語而定，不跟假性主語一致。 The boy with his dog is here. 這個男孩在這兒，還有他的狗 No one but your parents was there then. 那時，除了你的父母沒有別人在那里 Tom，together with Mary and Alice，is going to swim this afternoon. 湯姆今天下午要和瑪麗及艾麗絲去游泳 The teacher，including his students，is going to see Professor Smith. 那位老師和他的學生們將去看望史密斯教授、
(5)由there , here引導的主語不止一個時，謂語通常和鄰近的主語保持一致、 There is a lake and some hills around it. 它被一個湖和幾座刁、山環(huán)繞著、
(6)定語從句中的謂語動詞應視先行詞的單復數(shù)而定，先行詞是單數(shù)，定語從句中的謂語動詞也用單數(shù)，先行詞是復數(shù)，定語從句中的謂語動詞也用復數(shù) Those（people）who are for this plan are to sign your nameright on this paper． 同意這個計劃的在這張紙上簽名 I will always treasure the moments that were full of pleasures. 我將永遠珍惜充滿歡樂的時光： The news that has been published in today's newspaper isn't true. 今天報紙上發(fā)布的新聞不是真的。
(7）在倒裝句中謂語應與后面的主語保持一致。 On the wall hang some pictures by Picasso. 墻上掛著一些畢加索的畫。
(8)運算數(shù)詞作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 Three times five is fifteen. 3乘5等于15 Five minus four is one. 5減4等于1。 Seven times four makes twenty-eight. 7乘4等于?g
(9）表示數(shù)量的“one and a half＋復數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞要用單數(shù)。 One and a half bananas is left on the table. 桌子上還剩有一個半香蕉。 One and a half hours is enough一個半小時足夠了。
六、知識*能力聚焦 1. off prep.＆adv．離開，分開 （1）prep. The hall rolled off the table．球從桌上滾落 Keep off the grass．勿踐踏草地 He entered a big house off the high street. 他進入了一所離大街不遠的大房子。 The ship sank off Cape Horn. 這艘輪船在合恩角外沉沒了 （2）adv. The town is still five miles off%amaN． 那小鎮(zhèn)尚在五英里之外－ We are still some way off. 我們仍有一段距離（如距目的地）要走 Please tell them that the meeting is olf 請告訴他們會議已經取消了。 〔常用短語〕 take sth. off sth. 扣除，減去 fall off 跌落 knock sth. off sth．把某物從另一物上．放掉 wipe sth. off sth． 把某物從另一物上擦掉 along the coast 沿著海岸 off the coast 海岸外／在海上 on the coast海岸上／在海岸 The British Isles are a group of islands that lies off the west coast of Europe. 不列顛群島是一組位于歐洲西海岸不遠處的島嶼 Wuhan lies on the Chanjiang River. 武漢位于長江邊 2. face n.臉vt．轉向，面向 （1）n． Judging from his worried face，we knew that he must have had some trouble. 從他焦急的臉色判斷，我們知道他肯定有麻煩了. （2）vt. -How does the house face？這房屋面朝哪邊？ -It faces ( to the ) east．朝東。 I was faced with new problem．我面臨著新的M題 〔常用短語〕 in( the) face of不顧（問題、困難等） lose one's face失面子，丟臉 fight in the face of公然反抗 face the music 由于自己的決定或行為而接受批評或承擔后果 3. range n. &vt. （1）n．山脈，視覺（聽覺）范圍（區(qū)域），射程 There is a magnificent range of mountains in the borderland. 在邊境地帶有連綿不斷的雄偉山脈。 The tree is within range of' vision．這棵樹在視野之內 ( 2 ) vt.（在一定范圍內）變化，排列 The prices of the dolls range from＄5 to＄100. 這些布娃娃的價格從5美元到100美元不等 The discussion ranged over various problems. 這次討論涉及了種種問題 4. design n.. &v. ( 1 )n. 圖樣，設計，圖案；目的，意向 This is a design for the garden. 這是那座花園的設計圖 We don't know if it was done by accident or by design. 我們不知道那是偶然的，還是故意的。 His evil designs were frustrated. 他的罪惡意圖未能得逞 (2) v．設計，控制 She is designing dresses for the singer. 她在為這位歌手設計服裝 He designed a plot for tits new novel. 他為他的新小說擬定情節(jié) This weekend party iNas designed to bring the two musicians together. 這次周末聚會的用意是使兩位音樂家見面 〔常用短語〕 by design故意地，蓄意地； have designs on/against對…… 抱不良企圖，圖謀加害于； design stfi. for sb. /sth．設計，制圖，構思 5. influence n.＆v. ( 1 )n. 影響，支配，作用 the influence of the moon on the tides 月球對潮汐的作用 These so-called friends of hers have a bad influence on her. 她那些所謂的朋友對她影響很壞 He has a strange influence over the girl. 他對這個女孩子有一種奇妙的影響 Her influence made me a better person. 受她的影響，我變好了 (2) v. 影響，感化 The rice crops will be influenced by the weather. 稻谷的收成將受到氣候的影響 It is clear that her paintings have been influenced by Picasso. 她的畫顯然受到畢加索的影響 What influenced you to behave like that? 是什么支配你那樣做的？ 6. refer vi. ( referred, referred, referring）涉及，提到( to)；查資料；參與；針對；提交，交付 He referred to pollution in his report last week. 上周在報告中他提到了污染問題、 The shop referred the complaint to the manufacturers. 商店把投訴轉交給制造商 refer to 意思是“提到，談到，涉及，衣考，查閱” refer to sb. /sth. as 意為“稱某人/某物為……”，to是介詞，不可省略 be referred to( as） 是refer to的被動式，意思是“把......稱作” When f was saying that I wasn't referring to you. 我那樣說的時候，指的并不是你、 The huge clock in London is referred to as“Big Ben”. 倫敦的大鐘被稱為“大本鐘” They referred to their friendly teacher as“Mother"． 他們把和善的老師稱為“媽媽” 7. compare vt. &vi．比較，對照；比作 He cannot compare with Shakespeare as a writer of tragedies. 作為一個悲劇作家，他無法和莎士比亞相比 compare... with意為“把......與……進行比較／相比” compare... to... 意為“把……比作......”，含“比喻”之意 compare with sb. /sth．意為‘和某人或某事物相比或值得相比” It's necessary to compare English with Chinese in English study．學英語時有必要把英語和漢語進行比較 Compare this with that，and you'll which is better. 把這個同那個比較，你就知道哪個更好了 He began comparing himself pith the students. 他開始把自己和學生比較起來 Young people are often compared to the rising still. 年輕人常被比作初升的大陽 The writer of the poem compares his loser to a rose. 詩的作者把他的愛人比作玫瑰。 [注意] compare 的過去分詞作狀語時，compared to 和 compare with在應用上無區(qū)別，常被用于句首或句末。 This hardship is nothing，compared to/with those the Red Army faced on the Long March. 和紅軍長征比起來，這點苦算不上什么 Compared to/with many girls，she was indeed very lucky． 與許多女孩相比，她的確算很幸運了 8. percent n．百分之…… percent表示“百分之…”，相當于％，其前往往是一個具體的數(shù)字 percentage表示“百分比，百分率”，其前不能是一個具體的數(shù)字，只能被high , low等形容詞修飾。 -What percentage of babies died of' this disease last year? 去年嬰兒死于這種疾病的百分比是多少？ -One percent．百分之一
9. would like to do原音做草事 would like sb. to do寧愿要某人做某事 would like to have done本打算做但沒做 I'd like to pay you a visit next week. 下周我打算拜訪你。 He'd like me to look after his pet dog. 他愿意讓我照看他的寵物狗。 I'd like to have gone with you，but I was busy then. 我本打算同你一起去的，但當時我很忙。 10. check n. &vt. (1) n. 檢查，核對；發(fā)票，支票 We should have a check on the quality of all goods leaving the factory. 我們應當對全部貨物在出廠前進行質量檢查 We have kept the SARS in check for a year now. 到目前為止我們已控制SARS這種疾病一年了 I've lost the check for my coat. 我把大衣的發(fā)票弄丟了 I always pay bills by check．我總是用支票付賬 (2) vt. 阻止，制止，控制；核查；調查；托運或寄存 Will you please check these figures? 請檢查這些數(shù)字有無錯誤好嗎？ Check your coat at the door. 把你的外套寄存在入口處、 〔辮析〕check，examine，test check指核對，核實，特別是對數(shù)量或質量加以驗證； examine著重指檢查、研討及審查； test指測驗、檢驗、測試一個人的某種能力 Please check in at the airport an hour before your plane leaves． 你要在飛機起飛前一個小時到機場辦理登機手續(xù)。 I examined students in English. 我測驗學生英文。 I'd better have my eyes tested. 我該去檢查視力了。 11. across prep.（表示運動）橫過，越過，（表示位置）在……的對面 The old man walked across the road. 那個老人小心地走過馬路 He lives across the street from us. 他住在我們對面的大街上 A boy helped a blind man across the street. 一個小男孩幫助一位盲人過馬路 [辮析] across，past，through across表示“橫過，橫穿，越過”，它的含義與on, over有關，側重于動作在某一物體或某一地方的表面進行。across作介詞還可表示“在……討過”；作副詞表示“對過”或“橫過”。 past表示從某物旁邊經過 [注意] past是介詞，不可與動詞pass相混淆。 We walked past the hospital.＝We passed by the hospital. 我們從醫(yī)院旁邊經過 through表示“通過，穿過”，它的含義與in有關，側重動作在某一物體空間里進行，含有從中間通過之意。through還可表示“憑借”“（做）完”等意。 The ship sailed across the Atlantic. 這只船橫渡過了大西洋 She is talking to the neighbour across the garden fence. 她正隔著籬笆與鄰居說話： He was absent-minded and walked past the station. 他走路時心不在焉而走過了車站。 The policeman forced his way through the crowd. 警察奮力穿過人群 He walked through the street and found nothing alive. 他走過街道，沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)有生命的東西。 12. in the south of, to the south of與on the south of in the south of 在...... 的南邊（部），通常指某一范圍之內； to the south of 在……在南邊，強調越出了某一范圍； on the south of 在...... 南面，強調兩者毗部，接攘。 He lives in the north of Scotland．他住在蘇格蘭北部 The church is to the south of London. 那座教堂在倫敦的南邊。 China faces the Pacific on the east．中國東臨太平洋。 〔注意〕我們只有籠統(tǒng)地指明方向時，可以不出現(xiàn)介詞。 Shandong is north of Fujian. 山東位于福建北部 South of the mountain，there is a big river. 山的南部，有一條大河。 13. cover v．蓋，掩蓋；行過（路程）；報道；讀 n．蓋子，封面，封底，包皮 〔常用短語〕 cover sth． 蓋住…… cover... with 用……蓋住…… cover 30 pages 讀三十頁 be covered with... 用……覆蓋 cover an area of… 占地面積為，??… cover 2,000 li 走了兩千里 cover a conference 報道會議 under cover 隱藏著 under the cover of 在……的掩護下，趁著 The book with a hard cover is more expensive. 精裝書比較貴 Flood water covered the fields by the river. 洪水淹沒了河邊的田地。 Rubble covered the pavement．人行道上鋪了碎石塊。 The chief editor sent a reporter to cover the event. 主編派記者去報道這一事件 Her lectures covered the subject throughly. 她的演講對這個問題闡述得很透徹 The Red Army men covered 25，000 1i during the Long March. 長征中，紅軍走過了兩萬五千里 〔辮析〕 discover，uncover, find out discover指“發(fā)現(xiàn)”某種本來存在、而以前未被發(fā)現(xiàn)的事物或不為人所知的東西。 find out常用來指“弄明白、搞清楚、查出（某一真相）”，作“發(fā)現(xiàn)”講時，是指發(fā)現(xiàn)一種無形而隱藏的東西。 uncover還可表示“發(fā)現(xiàn)、揭露、暴露”等意思，一般用于貶義，其賓語常常是：relic遺物、古跡，plot陰謀、圈套、（秘密）計劃，conspiracy共謀、陰謀 Do you know who discovered America? 你知道是誰發(fā)現(xiàn)美洲的嗎？ Think it over and you'll find out the answer to the question. 仔細想想，你就會找到問題的答案 He uncovered the famous picture. 他揭開了那幅名畫的覆蓋物 14. work n．作品；成果；制品 v．運轉；開動；工作 Almost everyone's success is achieved by hard work. 幾乎每個人的成功都是靠艱苦的勞動獲得的。 This vase is a wonderful piece of work. 這個花瓶是一件了不起的作品 He likes 0. Henry's works. 他喜歡歐?亨利的作品 [辮析］work on，work at，work out work on和work at都可以作“致力于；從事于”解釋，相當于be engaged in，常�？梢曰ハ啻妗５敱硎尽翱朔ɡщy）；解決（難題）”時，較傾向于用work at；在表示“致力于創(chuàng)作或制造時”，較傾向于用work on work out"解出，找出答案”，可以看作是work on的結果，相當于find或have got, Here he worked on a short film，which won him a job as the youngest film director in the world. 他制作了一部短片，這使他獲得了一份工作，并成為世界上年輕的電影導演。 It's said that he's working at/on a new novel. 據(jù)說他正在寫一部小說 He liked to work at difficult problems in maths. 他喜歡解數(shù)學難題。 We have made up our minds to research on till we work out the facts of what has caused the pollution. 我們決心研究下去，直到弄清導致污染的根源
