1.1讀什么
Essay部分建議考生去思考作者的論點(diǎn)、如何使用說(shuō)理論證、論據(jù)、文體和修辭來(lái)展開(kāi)論證，這些是許多議論文章的基石，因此我們應(yīng)該簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)看下各自的含義。
論點(diǎn)，是thesis statement, 是文章的主要觀點(diǎn)。論點(diǎn)奠定了全文的話題和中心，文章的一切展開(kāi)都是為了具體解釋說(shuō)明這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。論點(diǎn)是文章作者的觀點(diǎn)、結(jié)論和評(píng)價(jià)，通常具有很強(qiáng)的主觀性(subjective)。通常，一篇議論文在論點(diǎn)下面，還會(huì)有幾個(gè)分論點(diǎn)，從不同角度來(lái)論證總的中心論點(diǎn)。
論證：
用英文講就是reasoning，是通過(guò)推導(dǎo)、歸納、演繹來(lái)講道理證明一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)。最主要的論證手法有三大類：
(1) 因果關(guān)系，也就是通過(guò)闡述邏輯鏈證明某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，簡(jiǎn)而言之，就是“因?yàn)椤浴�。把握文章的因果關(guān)系，關(guān)鍵要弄清究竟是前因后果，還是前果后因。
因?yàn)椋篵ecause, since, for, because of, due to, owing to
所以：as a result, consequently, result in, lead to, contribute to, therefore, hence, thus
其他：cause, account for, be responsible for, explain
(2) 并列和遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：通常是詞匯，詞組，乃至句子層面的并列。
關(guān)鍵詞有： first, second, third
To begin with, what is more, Last but not least
Besides, in addition, Also
(3) 轉(zhuǎn)折和對(duì)比關(guān)系: 這是對(duì)于已有觀點(diǎn)的駁斥，或者是提供新的觀點(diǎn)。
常用的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)鍵詞有：
1. 雖然： although, while
2. 但是： however, but, yet
3. 其他： actually/ in fact, despite/ in spite of, nevertheless/ nonetheless, rather
對(duì)比可以分為橫向?qū)Ρ群涂v向?qū)Ρ取M向是同一時(shí)間象限內(nèi)不同個(gè)體的對(duì)比，而縱向則是同一個(gè)體在不同時(shí)間象限內(nèi)的對(duì)比，比如將某個(gè)個(gè)體的過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行對(duì)比。常用的對(duì)比詞有：by contrast, on the contrary, unlike, compared to, compared with
論據(jù)：
用英文講就是evidence，通常由facts 和example 構(gòu)成。通常為了證明一個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，除了給出論點(diǎn)，還會(huì)給出論據(jù)。
論據(jù)是作者用于支持論點(diǎn)的信息和看法。論據(jù)有事實(shí)，統(tǒng)計(jì)，引用權(quán)威，實(shí)驗(yàn)和其他研究結(jié)果，例子等。任何議論性文章的作者都可能會(huì)使用一些論據(jù)或完全依賴論據(jù)。學(xué)生需弄清一篇文章中論據(jù)的構(gòu)成和作者如何使用論據(jù)來(lái)支撐論點(diǎn)。需要注意，文章也會(huì)引用科學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)或者名人/個(gè)人事例來(lái)進(jìn)行論證。
最后，文章會(huì)使用不同的修辭手法來(lái)增強(qiáng)感染力和說(shuō)服力。這些修飾手法種類很多，大家只需要大概了解常見(jiàn)的種類，便于在考場(chǎng)上認(rèn)出，并且指出作者使用這些手法的語(yǔ)境并評(píng)價(jià)這些手法如何說(shuō)服讀者。學(xué)生也可以進(jìn)一步分析和評(píng)價(jià)修辭在多大程度上增加了該文本說(shuō)服力。
大家在閱讀時(shí)候，需要不斷分析理解文章的不同的論證手法，有利于最后的寫作匯總。這時(shí)候，問(wèn)題來(lái)了，我們?nèi)绾稳ビ涀∵@些信息呢?那就需要我們?cè)陂喿x的時(shí)候，不斷去用自己的個(gè)性化符號(hào)去標(biāo)記。
標(biāo)重點(diǎn)
建議大家邊閱讀邊做標(biāo)記，因?yàn)橐槐樽x完不做任何標(biāo)記的話，回頭再找不僅會(huì)有要點(diǎn)的遺漏，而且會(huì)需要重新閱讀。如果能在閱讀的同時(shí)就能做好筆記，提綱挈領(lǐng)，在最后的寫作過(guò)程，就能快速查找，方便進(jìn)行總結(jié)歸納。
我們?cè)谖恼碌挠^點(diǎn)左邊寫一個(gè)感嘆號(hào)!或者 O(opinion的首字母)。在文中，如果有不斷的分論點(diǎn)，那么我們就一次寫上O1, O2等等。
對(duì)于說(shuō)理論證，我們可以在左邊寫上R。有時(shí)，文章一段都是在論證一個(gè)道理，我們只需要把文章打上一個(gè)括號(hào)，就可以了。
對(duì)于舉例論證，我們可以在左邊畫上Δ，或者是eg(代表example)。
對(duì)于修辭，我們?cè)谖闹挟嫵鋈θ�，或者在左邊空白處寫出具體的修辭手法。
下面是一個(gè)同學(xué)的實(shí)戰(zhàn)標(biāo)注，大家看下有什么可以學(xué)習(xí)并且改進(jìn)的地方。
預(yù)覽
預(yù)覽
預(yù)覽
其實(shí)在最開(kāi)始，考生一定會(huì)覺(jué)得時(shí)間緊張，無(wú)法在速度和理解上達(dá)到平衡。怎么辦?有兩個(gè)辦法：1)平時(shí)多加練習(xí)，采取閱讀，復(fù)述大意，鍛煉自己的短時(shí)記憶。在這個(gè)過(guò)程中，有些同學(xué)要改掉逐詞閱讀的習(xí)慣，逐步以詞組，接著是半句，一句，甚至兩行為單位進(jìn)行快速閱讀。在此過(guò)程中，大家一定要學(xué)會(huì)把握關(guān)鍵詞。達(dá)到一定速度后，大家的視線甚至能夠按照“Z”視線軌道進(jìn)行快速閱讀。2)大家一定要注意文章中的關(guān)鍵詞。這些詞可以幫助我們以塊狀來(lái)理解全文，提高效率。比如，大家都知道看到for example，后面是例子可以略看;看到furthermore后面是新的或者遞進(jìn)的觀點(diǎn)。下面，我們?cè)傺a(bǔ)充另外一些重點(diǎn)關(guān)鍵詞：
1. 表示結(jié)論
in conclusion to conclude to sum up all in all
altogether as has been said finally in brief in other words
in short in summary on the whole therefore to summarize
2. 表示肯定程度
①表示非�？隙�
certainly clearly obviously plainly apparently
surely undoubtedly naturally for certain for sure
of course never always indeed in fact
②表示有所保留
possibly perhaps likely probably potentially
presumably to some extend in a large sense in some sense in a sense
generally (speaking) normally ideally
3. 引出新觀點(diǎn)
first second third finally
in the first place in the second place last but not least first of all
next another in addition additionally
further furthermore moreover also
likewise similarly more importantly imagine
suppose most importantly after all
for one thing...for another
4. 引出詳細(xì)解釋
specifically particularly for example for instance
in this case in that case as well as in that
such as in addition to as a illustration even
in other words in fact
5. 表示對(duì)照或其他觀點(diǎn)
otherwise however nevertheless though
although but yet and yet
while meanwhile instead instead of
unlike on the contrary by contrast by comparison
in any case at any case in spite of rather than
on the one hand on the other hand even if even so
even though still anyway at the same time
but at the same time despite that apart from for all that
in contrast notwithstanding regardless
6. 表示論據(jù)出現(xiàn)
since because actually in fact
as a matter of fact as a result due to owing to
7. 表示推理
as a result accordingly consequently hence
thus ultimately thereby therefore
as a consequence if so if not according to
8. 表示反復(fù)說(shuō)明
in other words briefly that is
9. 表示補(bǔ)充
again also and and then
besides equally important finally first
further furthermore in addition in the first place
last moreover next second
still too
10. 表示比較
also in the same way likewise similarly
11. 表示讓步
naturally true of course indeed provided given granted admittedly
12. 表示時(shí)間順序
after a while afterward again and then
as long as at last at length at that time
before earlier formerly in the past
last lately meanwhile next
now presently shortly simultaneously
since so far soon subsequently
then thereafter until now when
這些關(guān)鍵詞詞就像是路標(biāo)，讓我們知道了文章的走向。
