【#新概念英語# #大學(xué)新概念英語精美短文（二）#】新概念一共144課，其中單課為課文，雙課為語法和練習(xí)。整本書是以單數(shù)課為正課，并附帶有插圖而雙數(shù)課則是針對單數(shù)課所講的內(nèi)容有針對性地進行練習(xí)，展現(xiàn)出整個新概念一教材區(qū)別于其他教材的獨特之處。®無憂考網(wǎng)為您整理了以下內(nèi)容，僅供參考。希望可以幫助到您！如果您想要了解更多相關(guān)內(nèi)容，歡迎關(guān)注®無憂考網(wǎng)！

【篇一】Piano 鋼琴

The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries -- the spinet, the dulcimer, and the virginal. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century.

鋼琴的家系可以追溯至15至16世紀(jì)早期的鍵盤樂器，包括小型撥弦琴、洋琴和維金娜琴。17世紀(jì)時風(fēng)琴、敲弦琴和撥弦琴成為鍵盤樂器類的主要成員。這種至高無上的地位一直為它們所保持，直到18世紀(jì)末期鋼琴將它們?nèi)〈��?/p>

The clavichord's tone was metallic and never powerful; nevertheless, because of the variety of tone possible to it, many composers found the clavichord a sympathetic instrument for intimate chamber music.

敲弦古鋼琴的音調(diào)有金屬的音質(zhì)，缺乏雄勁。然而由于它的音調(diào)變化多，許多作曲家發(fā)現(xiàn)對于親切的室內(nèi)樂是一種得體的樂器。

The harpsichord with its bright, vigorous tone was the favorite instrument for supporting the bass of the small orchestra of the period and for concert use, but the character of the tone could not be varied save by mechanical or structural devices.

人們zui喜歡用具備明快有力音調(diào)的撥弦古鋼琴來配合當(dāng)時小型管弦樂團的低音樂器以及在演奏會上演奏。但它的音調(diào)難以變化，除非使用機械或構(gòu)件裝置。

The piano was perfected in the early eighteenth century by a harpsichord maker in Italy(though musicologists point out several previous instances of the instrument).This instrument was called a piano e forte (soft and loud), to indicate its dynamic versatility; its strings were struck by a recoiling hammer with a felt-padded head.

18世紀(jì)早期的意大利，鋼琴在一位撥琴鋼琴制造者手中得到完善（盡管音樂理論家們指出有更早的例子）。 這種樂器被稱為piano e forte（意大利語，柔和而響亮的），以顯示它有力的多樣性。 演奏者用一個頭部帶皮氈的彈擊樂錘敲擊琴弦。

The wires were much heavier in the earlier instruments. A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance.

更早的這種樂器之上的金屬絲要重得多。從此，持續(xù)到19世紀(jì)的一系列機械上的改進，包括引入踏板以維持音調(diào)或使其柔和，改善金屬框架，以及使用zui佳性能的鋼絲，zui終產(chǎn)生了一種具備無數(shù)音調(diào)效果的樂器。這些效果涵蓋了從zui精致的和聲到幾乎全部的管弦樂音響，從明快流暢的吟唱的音調(diào)到尖銳的打擊樂器的清晰動人的恢宏氣勢。

【篇二】Changing Roles of Public Education  公共教育的角色變化

One of the most important social developments that helped to make possible a shift in thinking about the role of public education was the effect of the baby boom of the 1950's and 1960's on the schools.

一項重要的、有可能促使人們對公共教育的角色的看法發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變的社會發(fā)展是本世紀(jì)五六十年代的生育高峰對學(xué)校的影響。

In the 1920's, but especially in the Depression conditions of the 1930's, the United States experienced a declining birth rate -- every thousand women aged fifteen to forty-four gave birth to about 118 live children in 1920，89.2 in 1930，75.8 in 1936, and 80 in 1940. With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression. Birth rates rose to 102 per thousand in 1946, 106.2 in 1950, and 118 in 1955.

在20年代，尤其是在30年代后的大蕭條中，美國經(jīng)歷了出生率的下降--1920年每千名年齡在15歲至45歲的婦女生下大約118個存活嬰兒，1930年89.2個，1936年75.8個，1940年80個。 隨著二戰(zhàn)帶來的持續(xù)繁榮以及隨之而來的經(jīng)濟增長，年輕人比大蕭條中的同齡人更早地結(jié)婚成家，而且比前輩養(yǎng)育更大的家庭。 1946年出生率上升到102%，1950年達106%，1955年達118%。

Although economics was probably the most important determinant, it is not the only explanation for the baby boom. The increased value placed on the idea of the family also helps to explain this rise in birth rates.

對于生育高峰，經(jīng)濟有可能是zui重要的決定因素，但它并不是的解釋。 不斷受到重視的家庭觀念也有助于解釋出生率的上升。

The baby boomers began streaming into the first grade by the mid 1940's and became a flood by 1950. The public school system suddenly found itself overtaxed. While the number of schoolchildren rose because of wartime and postwar conditions, these same conditions made the schools even less prepared to cope with the flood. The wartime economy meant that few new schools were built between 1940 and 1945. Moreover, during the war and in the boom times that followed, large numbers of teachers left their profession for better-paying jobs elsewhere in the economy.

到40年代中期為止，這些生育高峰出生的孩子們開始源源不斷地進入小學(xué)一年級。 到了1950年，就形成了一股洪流。 公共教育系統(tǒng)突然感到不堪重負(fù)了。由于戰(zhàn)時和戰(zhàn)后的狀況，使得學(xué)齡兒童人數(shù)增加，這些狀況使得學(xué)校面對這股洪流更加措手不及。 戰(zhàn)時經(jīng)濟意味著在1940年到1950年間幾乎沒有建立新學(xué)校。 而且，在戰(zhàn)時和隨后的經(jīng)濟增長時期，大量的教師離開崗位去別處從事報酬更為優(yōu)厚的工作。

Therefore in the 1950's and 1960's, the baby boom hit an antiquated and inadequate school system. Consequently, the "custodial rhetoric"of the 1930's and early 1940's no longer made sense that is, keeping youths aged sixteen and older out of the labor market by keeping them in school could no longer be a high priority for an institution unable to find space and staff to teach younger children aged five to sixteen.

因此，在五六十年代，生育高峰沖擊著陳舊而不完備的學(xué)校體系。 這樣一來，30年代以及40年代早期，"監(jiān)護理論"就不再有意義了。 也就是說，通過使16歲以上的年輕人留在學(xué)校不進入勞動力市場的做法再也不是教育機構(gòu)的優(yōu)先考慮了。 因為教育機構(gòu)不再能找到場地和教師來教育那些更小的5-16歲的孩子。

With the baby boom, the focus of educators and of laymen interested in education inevitably turned toward the lower grades and back to basic academic skills and discipline. The system no longer had much interest in offering nontraditional, new, and extra services to older youths.

隨著生育高峰，教育者和圈外人士對教育的興趣和焦點，不可避免地轉(zhuǎn)向了更低的年級和基礎(chǔ)的學(xué)術(shù)技能和學(xué)科上。 這個系統(tǒng)不再有濃厚的興趣給較年長的年輕人提供非傳統(tǒng)的新式的和額外的服務(wù)。

【篇三】Cells and Temperature  細(xì)胞與溫度

Cells cannot remain alive outside certain limits of temperature, and much narrower limits mark the boundaries of effective functioning.

細(xì)胞只能在一定的溫度范圍內(nèi)存活，而進一步保證它們有效工作的溫度范圍就更小了。

Enzyme systems of mammals and birds are most efficient only within a narrow range around 37℃; a departure of a few degrees from this value seriously impairs their functioning. Even though cells can survive wider fluctuations, the integrated actions of bodily systems are impaired. Other animals have a wider tolerance for changes of bodily temperature.

哺乳動物和鳥類的酶系統(tǒng)只能在37℃左右的很小范圍內(nèi)才能有效工作。與此相差僅幾度的溫度都會大大削弱它們的工作效率。盡管溫度變化更大時細(xì)胞仍能存活，但機體系統(tǒng)的整體運行能力卻被削弱了。其它動物對體溫的變化有更強的適應(yīng)性。

For centuries it has been recognized that mammals and birds differ from other animals in the way they regulate body temperature. Ways of characterizing the difference have become more accurate and meaningful over time, but popular terminology still reflects the old division into "warm blooded" and "cold blooded" species; warm-blooded included mammals and birds whereas all other creatures were considered cold-blooded. As more species were studied, it became evident that this classification was inadequate. A fence lizard or a desert iguana -- each cold-blooded -- usually has a body temperature only a degree or two below that of humans and so is not cold.

幾個世紀(jì)以來，人們就認(rèn)識到哺乳動物和鳥類調(diào)節(jié)體溫的方式與其它動物不同。隨著時間的推移，人們對這種差異的描述越來越精確和有意義，但是“暖血動物”和“冷血動物”這一古老的分類方式至今仍在大眾詞匯中有所反映。暖血動物包括哺乳動物和鳥類，其它動物統(tǒng)統(tǒng)被視為冷血動物。但是對更多物種進行的研究表明這種分類顯然是不適當(dāng)?shù)�。美洲一種小型蜥蜴和沙漠鬣蜥同屬冷血動物，但實際上它們的體溫通常只比人類的體溫低1-2度，因此并不是真正的冷血。

Therefore the next distinction was made between animals that maintain a constant body temperature, called homeotherms, and those whose body temperature varies with their environment, called poikilotherms. But this classification also proved inadequate, because among mammals there are many that vary their body temperatures during hibernation. Furthermore, many invertebrates that live in the depths of the ocean never experience changes in the chill of the deep water, and their body temperatures remain constant.

因此又出現(xiàn)了恒溫動物（即保持恒定體溫的動物）和變溫動物（即體溫隨外界環(huán)境的變化而改變的動物）這一區(qū)分方式。但這種分類也不恰當(dāng)。因為有不少哺乳動物在冬眠期間會改變體溫，而許多生活在深海的無脊椎動物在寒冷的深海水域中體溫并不變化，而是恒定的。