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一、課文背景知識(shí)

在社會(huì)發(fā)展進(jìn)程中，農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)歷了原始農(nóng)業(yè)( primitive agriculture )、傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)( traditional agriculture )和現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)( modern agriculture )三個(gè)發(fā)展階段。

19世紀(jì)40年代到20世紀(jì)初，是全世界傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)向現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的過(guò)渡時(shí)期;而從20世紀(jì)初期到50年代，是現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的確立時(shí)期。

現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)有四個(gè)重大特點(diǎn)：一是生物科學(xué)的發(fā)展和雜交優(yōu)勢(shì)理論的應(yīng)用使人類能夠通過(guò)育種手段，選擇和要培育出品類繁多、高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)的農(nóng)作物和禽新品種，擺脫了對(duì)天然品種的依賴。二是化學(xué)肥料和農(nóng)藥的發(fā)明和生產(chǎn)，建立了農(nóng)用化學(xué)工業(yè)，提供了農(nóng)作物所需養(yǎng)分和減輕了病蟲草的危害。三是蒸氣機(jī)的發(fā)明，促進(jìn)了機(jī)械化和半機(jī)械化農(nóng)具的廣泛應(yīng)用，以現(xiàn)代工業(yè)技術(shù)和設(shè)備武裝農(nóng)業(yè)，實(shí)行區(qū)域布局、專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)，集約化經(jīng)營(yíng)，顯著提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率和土地利用率。四是這四大類技術(shù)的交織和綜合，為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)開創(chuàng)了一個(gè)新紀(jì)元，使農(nóng)作物和蓄禽產(chǎn)品大幅度增長(zhǎng)。

大約在200年間，農(nóng)民基本上采用傳統(tǒng)耕耘方式，農(nóng)作物產(chǎn)量很低，差不多每100個(gè)農(nóng)民一年的辛勤勞作進(jìn)能養(yǎng)活兩個(gè)居民;現(xiàn)在一個(gè)高效率的農(nóng)民一年勞作可以生產(chǎn)6萬(wàn)~10萬(wàn)千克糧食，3000~4000千克肉食，足可以養(yǎng)活200~300個(gè)居民。過(guò)去一個(gè)農(nóng)民生產(chǎn)100千克糧食需要1-2天的勞動(dòng)，而現(xiàn)在只需要幾秒鐘就足夠了。

現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的核心是科學(xué)化，特征是商品化，方向是集約化，目標(biāo)是產(chǎn)業(yè)化。

現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)是與生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)( eco-agriculture )，旅游觀光農(nóng)業(yè)( sight-seeing agriculture )，綠色食品(green food )，無(wú)公害蔬菜( healthy vegetables )，以及可持續(xù)發(fā)展( sustainable development )息息相關(guān)的。

二、疑難解析

1. It is on this arable land that the famers produce food for the whole population of China.

農(nóng)民們正是在這些可耕地上為全國(guó)人民生產(chǎn)各種糧食。

[問(wèn)]如何理解這個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)?

[答]這是個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句，，其結(jié)構(gòu)為：It is (was)+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that/who-從句，被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分可以是句子的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等，如果被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是物，從句用that引導(dǎo)，如果指人，則可用that或who來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句。課文第三段還有一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句。又如：

It was they who (that)helped me in the street this morning. 今天上午就是他們?cè)诮稚蠋土宋摇?/p>

It was this morning that they helped me in the street. 他們是今天上午在街上幫我的。

Who was it that taught them French yesterday? 昨天教他們法語(yǔ)的是誰(shuí)?

What was it that the new teacher taught them yesterday? 昨天新老師教他們的是 什么?

2. To make as much use of the land as possible. two or more crops are planted each year where possible. 為了更充分地利用土地資源，在可能種植兩種或兩種以上作物的地方種植不同的作物。

[問(wèn)]不定式短語(yǔ)為什么放在句首?怎樣理解as possible 和where possible?

[答]不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)可位于句首，起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，此外i norder to 和so as to 都可引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)，但so as to 不能位于句首。如：

(In order )to pass the exams, he did his lessons till late at night.

為了通過(guò)考試，他復(fù)習(xí)功課直到深夜。

此句可改為：He did his lessons till late at night so as to pass the exam. 句中的make use of 是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)，意為：“利用、使用”，如：

We should make full use of time in our study. 我們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)中應(yīng)充分利用時(shí)間。

It is very important for us to make good use of water. 好好利用水資源是很重要的。

句中的as much ... as possible 意為：“盡可能多地……”， much 后接不可數(shù)名詞，若為可數(shù)名詞，則用many來(lái)修飾。又如：

Please give him as muvh help as possible. 請(qǐng)盡可能多地買了書。

句中的where possible 是一種省略形式，在句中作地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于where it is possible ，連詞if，when， while， until等都可用于這種省略句。例如：

I will pay you a visit when (I am)free. 我有空時(shí)會(huì)來(lái)看你的。

Tell the manager immediately about it if (it is )necessary. 如有必要，迅速把這事兒告訴經(jīng)理。

3. This saves time and allows famers to grow an extra crop in each season. 這就節(jié)約了時(shí)間允許農(nóng)民可以在每個(gè)季節(jié)里種植一種額外的作物。

[問(wèn)]allow 和let的含義和用法有什么不同?

[答]二者均可作“允許”解，但各有側(cè)重;allow重在“允許”或“容許”，也可表示客氣的請(qǐng)求，常用于allow sb. to do sth. 或allow doing sth. 結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：

He allowed me to take his dictionary. 他允許我拿走他的詞典。

Will you allow me to use your bike?我可以用你的自行車嗎?

We don't allow smoking here. 我們不允許在這兒抽煙。

而let作“允許”或“讓”解，主要用于口語(yǔ)，一般可與allow互換。作“允許”解時(shí)，常暗含“聽任”“默許”之意。注意： let之后作賓補(bǔ)的不定式不帶to， 且不可用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而allow則相反。例如;

Please let me walk with you (=Please allow me to walk with you. ) 我(請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我)跟你一起走。

4. It is from the early 1990s that scientists started to develop new techniques to increase agricultural production without harming the environment. 科學(xué)家開始發(fā)展研究既提高農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)量又不破壞環(huán)境的新技術(shù)是在二十世紀(jì)九十年代。

[問(wèn)]該句中develop是什么意思?介詞without有什么用途?

[答]develop 意為：發(fā)展，發(fā)達(dá)，發(fā)揚(yáng)，發(fā)育，進(jìn)步，逐步生長(zhǎng)，逐步顯示出來(lái)”等。如：

Plants develop from seeds. 植物由種子發(fā)育而成。

Several industries are developing in this area. 幾種工業(yè)正在這個(gè)地區(qū)發(fā)展。

Some children develop more slowly than others. 有的兒童比其他的兒童發(fā)育得慢。

Fresh air and exercise develop healthy bodies. 新鮮空氣和運(yùn)動(dòng)能使身體健康。

He developed the photo graphs which he had taken. 他沖洗了他拍攝的膠卷。

developing 意為：“發(fā)展中的”， developed意為“發(fā)達(dá)的”，如：

China is a developin country while Japan is a developed one. 中國(guó)是個(gè)發(fā)展中的國(guó)家， 而日本是個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家。

介詞without 表示“不，沒(méi)有”， 后接名詞、代詞或-ing形式，在句中用做狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)，如：

She day passed without seeing me. 她從我身邊走過(guò)而沒(méi)有看見我。

They never meet withour quarreling. 他們一見面就要吵嘴。

Future agriculture should depend on high technology as well as traditonal methods. 未來(lái)的農(nóng)業(yè)將依靠高科技和傳統(tǒng)的方法。

[問(wèn)]as well 和as well as有什么不同?

as well意為： “還;也”， 相當(dāng)于too， 通常位于句末。 如：

He gave me advice, and money as well. 他給我忠告，也給我錢。

She went there as well. 她也去了那兒。

as well as 與as well 同意，但常用來(lái)連接兩個(gè)并列成分，可譯為：“除……之外;和”。強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)在第一個(gè)成分。 如果連接的兩個(gè)并了成分作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)和第一個(gè)成分一致。 如：

He gave me money as well as advice. 她除了給我忠告外，還給我錢。

You as well as I are right. 我是對(duì)的，你也是對(duì)的。

5. Not only food production is important but also taking care of the environment. 不僅食物生產(chǎn)很重要，保護(hù)好環(huán)境也同樣重要。

[問(wèn)]怎樣理解這個(gè)句子結(jié)構(gòu)?

[答]此句相當(dāng)于：Not only food production but also taking care of the environment is important. 并列連詞not only ...but also...意為：“不僅……，而且……”，連接兩個(gè)并列的主語(yǔ)food production 和taking care of the environment.

not only... but also ...也可連接兩個(gè)并列的謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等，還可連接兩個(gè)并列的句子，所強(qiáng)調(diào)的重點(diǎn)是后面的一個(gè)。有時(shí)可省略also。又如：

She not only sings well but (also)dances beautifully. 她不但歌唱得好，而且舞也跳得很優(yōu)美。

He was not only a successful writer but (also)the greatest poet of his time.他不但是一位成功的作家，而且 他啊那個(gè)時(shí)代偉大的詩(shī)人。

He is famous not only in China but in the whole world. 他不僅譽(yù)滿中國(guó)，而且譽(yù)滿全世界。

當(dāng)not only ...but also...連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)采取“就近一致”的原則，與后面哪個(gè)主語(yǔ)保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。如：

Not only the students but also the teacher is pleased. 不僅同學(xué)們高興，老師也高興。

Not only he but also you are going there. 不僅他，而且你也要去那兒。

【同步練習(xí)題】

1.The biggest problem of Chinese farmers is _____.

A.the shortage of arable land B.lack of labor force

C.lack of technology D.lack of money

【答案】 A

2.Scientists have started to develop new technology to increase agricultural production without harming the environment since _____.

A.the 19th century B.modern times

C.the early 1990s D.the 1980s

【答案】 C

3.New techniques are those which can _____.

A.increase agricultural production

B.protect the environment from being harmed

C.bring in great profit

D.not only increase agriculture production but also be friendly to the environment

【答案】 D

4.Which of the following is true according to the passage?

A.Jia Sixie was the earliest agricultural scientist.

B.The knowledge in Qi Min Yao Shu is not useful for farmers today.

C.Jia Sixie's book is a practical guide to farming.

D.Jia Sixie's book deals with only farming.

【答案】 C

5.Jia Sixie's book includes advice on the following subjects except _____.

A.making wine B.keeping cows,sheep and fish

C.growing vegetables and trees D.making food

【答案】 D

6.The best harvest is reached when _____.

A.farmers change the crops in their fields

B.farmers plough the soil deeper

C.farmers sow seed at the correct time of the year

D.much fertilizer is put into the fields

【答案】 A

7.Passage 1 mainly tells us about _____.

A.farmers in China B.the development of agriculture in China

C.advanced technology in China D.genetically modified plants in China

【答案】 B

8.Passage 2 is mainly about _____.

A.farming in China B.gardening in China

C.the history of agriculture in China D.Jia Sixie and his Qi Min Yao Shu

【答案】 D

9.Which of the following is most probable in future agriculture according to Text 1?

A.Only high technology is used.

B.It will greatly harm the environment.

C.It will depend on only traditional methods.

D.It will depend on both high technology and traditional methods.

【答案】 D

10.From Text 2 we can see that _____.

A.traditional methods are still of great use B.traditional methods should be given up

C.traditional methods are of no use D.traditional methods are out of date

【答案】 A