【篇一】
本課簡介
在Families這篇課文中，作者首先告訴我們對于不同的人來說“家庭”有不同的含義，但是家庭意味著某種歸屬這一點是所有人的共識。作者還對核心家庭和大家庭的演變進行了分析，從中我們更可以看出家庭成員在家庭中的角色和作用的變化。
本課語言點
1…a group of people related by blood or marriage， …
句子中的by常可與某些名詞連用，在名詞前面不加定冠詞the，意思相當于“with regard to”，“according to”。請看下面的例句：
1) He is an Englishman by birth(他祖籍英國。)
2) He is a teacher by profession(他以醫(yī)生為職業(yè)。)
relate是一個動詞，在句子中的意思是“使聯(lián)系”
relate還可解釋為敘述;有關，涉及;相處得好
related可以做形容詞用，意思是“有聯(lián)系的，相關的�！�
2…all those people descended from a common ancestor， …所有來自同一祖先的人們。
“descended from a common ancestor”是一個省略了that的定語從句，修飾people.descended from的意思是“傳下，遺傳”
descend to 的意思是“屈尊，降低;轉而說到”
common是一個形容詞，意思是“共有的，共同的;普通的”
3Some people thank of a family as a mother， a father， and their children， …
think of …as …是一個很常用的詞組，意思是“把…看作…”，如：
與think of…as…意思相近的詞組在英語中還有很多。如：
regard…as look upon…as…
see…as… view…as…
consider…as…
4For others， having a family simply means having children.
本句中，having a family做主語，mean為謂語動詞，having children 做賓語。mean在句中的意思是“意味著”。當mean作“意味著”解釋時，在它的后面應該跟名詞或者動名詞
當mean作“意欲，打算”解釋時，在它的后面通常跟不定式
5Some families have long histories， while others know very little about their ancestors.
請注意while的用法，在本句中while是一個表示轉折意味的連詞，意思是“然而”。
6No matter if it is young or old， large or small traditional or modern， every family has a sense of what a family is.
no matter if 連接讓步狀語從句，更常見的是用no matter whether.除了no matter whether以外，no matter wh-引導的讓步狀語從句還有：no matter what， no matter who， no matter whose， no matter which， no matter when， no matter where， no matter how等等。而用wh-ever引導讓步從句也是十分常見的。請看下面的例句：
1) No matter what happens， please let me know(無論發(fā)生什么事，請讓我知道。)
2) No matter who telephones， tell him I'm out(無論誰來電話，告訴他我出去了。)
3) No matter how hard I tried， I couldn't succeed(無論我多努力，我總不能成功。)
4) No matter whether you believe it or not， it's truth(無論你信不信，那總是事實。)
5) No matter where you go， I will follow you(無論你去哪里，我都跟著你。)
6) No matter which book you like you can have it(無論你喜歡哪本書，你都可以拿去。)
7) No matter whose money it is， we can't spend it so carelessly(無論是誰的錢，我們都不能這樣隨意地花)
上述某些句子可以用wh-ever表述如下：
1) Whatever happens， please let me know.
2) Whoever telephones， tell him I'm out.
3) However hard I tried， I couldn't succeed.
4) Wherever you go， I will follow you.
5) Whichever book you like， you can have it.
7It is that feeling of belonging， of love and security that comes from living together， helping and sharing.
本句中的it代指課文前一句中的a sense of what a family isfeeling of belonging 意思為“歸屬感”。
security 是一個名詞，意思是“安全”。
that comes from living together， helping and sharing 是定語從句，修飾that feeling of belonging， of love and security.
8However， with the change from an agricultural to an industrial society， many nuclear families moved away from the family home in order to find work.
本句中的however是一個表示轉折意味的副詞，有承接上文的作用，可以使這個句子和前面的句子連接得更緊密，有些接近連詞。
句中的with是一個介詞，意思是“隨著”
句子中的in order to find work做目的狀語，除了用in order to 以外，還可以用so as to，也可以把in order，so as省去，只用不定式
9Therefore we can say that the nuclear family becomes more important than the extended family as the society industrializes
句子中的therefore是一個副詞，通常用來表示后面將要表述的內容是前面已經(jīng)表述的內容的結果，也可以用來引導一個結論。類似的表達還有：so，consequently，as a result 等等
as the society industrializes隨著社會的工業(yè)化。as是一個連詞，表示“當…時”。
本課中還有：
1)The nuclear family is becoming smaller as parents want fewer children.
2)As social scientists study these two new family forms， they will be able to tell us more about the future of the nuclear family in the post-industrial age.
10social scientists now talk of two new family forms…
本句中的talk是一個不及物動詞，在表達“談論某人(某事)”時，talk后面應該用介詞of或者about.
Text B The Changing American Family
短語表達
1all over
2provide for
They are trying to provide some guidance for the newcomers.
3be expected to
You are expected to be here before eight.
4take care of
The cat and the dog were taken good care of.
5on the other hand
6be considered to be
He is considered to be the best candidate for the job.
7in addition (to)
In addition， there are some magazines on the table.
In addition to bread， we had some milk and eggs for breakfast.
8make decision
9help with
At weekends I often help my mother with the housework.
10in contrast
11give up
12get ready for
13be busy doing
14in conclusion
15instead of
本課主要語法：被動語態(tài)
英語動詞有主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)兩種，當主語是動作的發(fā)出者，動詞用主動語態(tài);當主語時動作的承受者，動詞要用被動語態(tài)。只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。
1. 被動語態(tài)的構成：
被動語態(tài)由“be+過去分詞”構成。
如：I clean the window.(主動)
The window is cleaned by me.(被動)
根據(jù)時態(tài)的不同，被動語態(tài)中的be動詞可以有各種變化：
時態(tài) 主動句 被動句 be 的變化
一般現(xiàn)在時 He cleans the window. The window is cleaned by him. is
一般過去時 He cleaned the window. The window was cleaned by him. was
一般將來時 He will clean the window. The window will be cleaned by him. will be
現(xiàn)在進行時 He is cleaning the window. The window is being cleaned by him. is being
過去進行時 He was cleaning the window. The window was being cleaned by him. was being
現(xiàn)在完成時 He has cleaned the window. The window has been cleaned by him. has been
過去完成時 He had cleaned the window. The window had been cleaned by him. had been
將來完成時 He will have cleaned the window. The window will have been cleaned by him. will have been
進行時較少用被動語態(tài)。
2.一些特殊形式被動語態(tài)的構成：
1)不定式結構的被動語態(tài)，有以下幾種情況：
a).表示喜歡、希望、想要及與其相似意義的動詞+賓語+不定式，由不定式的被動式構成被動語態(tài)。如：He wants someone to take photographs. 他想找個人來照些相。(主動)
He wants photographs to be taken. 他想找個人來照些相。(被動)
b) 表示命令、請求、勸告、邀請的動詞+間接賓語+不定式，可以用主要動詞的被動式構成被動語態(tài)。如：He invited me to go.他邀請我去。(主動)
I was invited to go.我被邀請去。(被動)
但是，如果是advise/beg/order/recommend/urge+間接賓語+不定式+賓語的結構，則可以用兩種被動語態(tài)。一種是如上述將主要動詞變成被動語態(tài)�；蛘哂谩癮dvise等動詞+that…should+被動式” 構成被動語態(tài)
如：He urged the Council to reduce the rates.他敦請市議會減輕捐稅。(主動)
The Council was urged to reduce the rates.市議會被敦請減輕捐稅。(被動)
He urged that the rates should be reduced.他敦請市議會減輕捐稅。(被動)
在句子中，動詞后面直接是不定式作賓語，沒有間接賓語，所以被動語態(tài)只有一種形式，即用that …should結構表示被動語態(tài)。
He decided to sell the house.他決定把房子賣了。(主動)
He decided that the house should be sold.他決定，房子必須得賣掉。(被動)
2)動名詞結構的被動語態(tài)：
如是advise/insist/propose/recommend/suggest+動名詞+賓語結構，通常用that…should結構表示被動語態(tài)。
如：He recommended using bullet-proof glass.他建議用防彈玻璃。(主動)
He recommended that bullet-proof glass should be used.他建議應該使用防彈玻璃。(被動)
其它動名詞結構的被動語態(tài)由動名詞的被動式來表示：
如： I remember them taking me to the Zoo.我記得他們曾經(jīng)帶我去過動物園。(主動)
I remember being taken to the Zoo.我記的被帶到動物園去過。(被動)
3)含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：
含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)的結構：情態(tài)動詞+be+過去分詞。
如：You must shut these doors.你必須把這些門關上。(主動)
These doors must be shut.這些門必須關上。(被動)
You should have told him.你本應該告訴他。(主動)
He should have been told.本應該告訴他才是。(被動)
4)帶有直接賓語和間接賓語的句子，變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的時候，只把一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另外一個賓語保留在動詞后面，這種句子可以有兩個被動句。
如：His teacher gave him a book.他的老師給了他一本書。(主動)
A book was given to him by his teacher.(被動)
He was given a book by his teacher. (被動)
Someone gave her a dog.有人送給她一只狗。(主動)
A dog was given to her. (被動)
She was given a dog. (被動)
兩種被動語態(tài)中，第二種形式比第一種形式更為常用，即應該把間接賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語。
5)含有復合賓語的主動句變?yōu)楸粍泳鋾r，將賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，賓補仍保留在動詞之后，成為主補。
如：We call him Xiao Wang.我們叫他小王。(主動)
He was called Xiao Wang.他被叫小王。(被動)
We asked the teacher to explain the sentence again.我們要求老師把這個句子再解釋。(主動)
The teacher was asked to explain the sentence again.老師被要求把這個句子再解釋。(被動)
注：make, hear, watch, see, feel, let, have等動詞在主動語態(tài)中，其后作賓補的不定式一般不帶to，但當用于被動句時，后面作賓補的不定式必須帶有to。
如：She saw a man go into the room.她看見一個男人走進屋里。(主動)
A man was seen to go into the room.一個男人被看到走進屋里去了。(被動)
His mother made him do his homework again.*媽讓他把作業(yè)重寫。(主動)
He was made to do his homework again by his mother.他被媽媽要求把作業(yè)重寫。(被動)
6)動詞短語的被動語態(tài)
動詞+介詞
如：They have talked about this matter recently.他們近來一直在談論這件事情。(主動)
This matter has been talked about recently.這件事情近來一直被談論著。(被動)
動詞+副詞
如：They put off the sports meeting.他們把運動會推遲了。(主動)
The sports meeting was put off.運動會被推遲了。(被動)
7)get+過去分詞構成的被動語態(tài)
get+過去分詞也可以構成被動語態(tài)，用這種結構的句子側重于動作的結果而不是動作本身。
如：The man got hurt on his way home.那個男子在回家的路上受傷了。
Mary is going to get married.瑪麗準備結婚。
3.被動語態(tài)的用法：
1)動作的施動者很明顯，沒有必要提到時：
如：The rubbish hasn't been collected.垃圾沒有清走。
Your hand will be X-rayed.你的手要照X片。
2)不知道、不確切知道或忘記了誰是施動者。
如：The minister was murdered.部長被謀殺了。
You will be met at the station.有人會到車站去接你。
3)使用被動語態(tài)可以避免說出別扭的句子。
如：When he arrived home a detective arrested him.他回到家時，一名偵探逮捕了他。(主動)
此句好表示為：
When he arrived home he was arrested by a detective.他回到家里就被一名偵探逮捕了。(被動)變?yōu)楸粍雍�，可以避免改換主語。
4) 主動句中主語是不定代詞one，通�？梢员硎緸楸粍诱Z態(tài)。
如：One sees this sort of advertisement everywhere.這樣的廣告到處可見。(主動)
This sort of advertisement is seen everywhere. 這樣的廣告到處可見。(被動)
5)當動作的實施者即主動句中的主語是泛指人們時：這樣的動詞有：assume, believe, claim, consider, estimate, find, know, report, say, think等，通�？梢员硎緸楸粍诱Z態(tài)。
如：People believe him to be honest.人們相信他是誠實的。
He is believed to be honest.相信他是誠實的。
6)新聞報道，書刊介紹等文體中，突出描述的客觀性。
如：Three people have so far been killed in the storms sweeping across the north of England and Southern Scotland.在席卷英格蘭北部和蘇格蘭南部的暴風雨中，三人喪生。
4.被動語態(tài)與系表結構的區(qū)別：
英語中有些“be+過去分詞”的形式可以表示被動語態(tài)也可以作系表結構。如果表示一個動作，則是被動語態(tài);如果表示狀態(tài)，則是系表結構。表示被動時，常伴有by短語;表示狀態(tài)時多用其他介詞短語(in, at, with等)
如：The novel is well written.這個小說寫得很好。(系表結構)
The novel is written by a woman.這個小說是一位婦女寫的。(被動)
The man was offended. 那個人很生氣。(系表結構)
The man was offended by the woman.那個男人被那個女人激怒了。(被動)
5.主動形式表被動含義：
當句子中出現(xiàn)easy , hard , difficult 等詞修飾時，我們用主動形式表達被動
如 I found the poem hard to understand .
2001年第25小題：
They found the lecture hard --------
A to be understood B to understand C for understanding D to have been understood
答案是B
第二部分：鞏固練習
把下列句子變?yōu)楸粍泳洌?/p>
1.He suggested using the waterproof material.
He suggested that the waterproof material should be used.
2. He advised us to go to school earlier.
We are advised to go to school earlier.
3.The waiter recommended us to order the seafood.
We were recommended to order the seafood.
The waiter recommended that the seafood should be ordered.
4.We often hear him sing in the next room.
He is often heard to sing in the next room.
5.You needn't return the book now.
The book needn't be returned now.
6. They will send you a bill at the end of the month.
You will be sent a bill at the end of the month.
A bill will be sent to you at the end of the month.
【篇二】
本課簡介
技術是否也是一把雙刃劍，在給人們帶來幫助的同時也帶來了弊端?本課通過衛(wèi)星通訊的利弊昭示人們“明智”地運用技術才能使我們走向成功。
衛(wèi)星、計算機和電視的三結合改變了人們的生活。衛(wèi)星被用來傳送電視節(jié)目、電話和印刷材料;衛(wèi)星被用于遠程教育，使邊遠地區(qū)的人們通過“空中教室”接受教育;衛(wèi)星被用來幫助生活在交通不便的偏僻地區(qū)的人們;衛(wèi)星使世界各地的人們便捷地獲取信息。然而侵犯隱私、使人與人之間疏于接觸交流等弊端也應引起關注。
本課主要語言點
1.At the beginning of the twentieth century， there were four powerful means of transmitting and receiving information over long distances：…
本句中的beginning 是一個名詞，意思是“開始，開端”。如：
means在本句中的意思是“方法;工具”
by all means 盡一切辦法
live within/beyond one's means 量入(不量入)為出
a means to an end 達到目的的方法
by some means or other 用某種方法
2.By the middle of the century， both radio and television had become established means of transmitting sounds and pictures.
句中所用的過去完成時，表示過去某時前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作或情況。該動作已經(jīng)完成，或者可能延續(xù)下去。用by引起的時間狀語常與過去完成時連用。例如：
1)By the end of last June， they had visited 15 countries. (到去年六月底為止他們已經(jīng)訪問了15個國家。)
2)By the end of last year Henry had collected 1500 butterfly specimens. (到去年年底，亨利已經(jīng)采集了一千五百多個蝴蝶標本。)
established在句中做形容詞，意思是“常規(guī)的”。這個詞還可解釋為“(被)設立的;確認的;既定的;公認的”。例如：
1)a newly established organization (新設的組織)
2)the established principles of international law (公認的國際法準則)
3)an established fact (既成事實)
4)an established custom (常規(guī))
3.In order to transmit an event such as the Olympics Via satellite， television signals are first changed into radio waves，which are then sent from a station on earth to an orbiting satellite.
such as的后面既可以跟名詞也可以跟從句，意為“諸如…之類的”;“例如”或“像…這樣的人或事物”
which引導的是一個非限定性的定語從句。非限定性定語從句在修飾人時用who， whom或whose， 在修飾物時用which.非限定性定語從句常用逗號與主句分開
非限定性定語從句也可用關系副詞where或when來引導。非限定性定語從句的先行詞可以是一個詞，也可以是前面主句中的一個短語、從句或前面整個句子，通常用關系代詞which引導。
4.In theory， every person will have access to an unlimited amount of information.
in theory意為“從理論上來說;在理論上”，與其意思相反的詞組是in practice (在實踐中;實際上)。
have access to是一個很常用的詞組，意為“可接近，可進入”，to是介詞，動詞have也可用其他詞替換。如get，gain，give，win等。
information是一個不可數(shù)名詞，后面不可以加s，許多信息可以用a lot of information， a large amount of information， much information等表達。一條信息可以表達為a piece of information.
amount通常用在不可數(shù)名詞前面，如the amount of money; a considerable amount of prejudice (相當大的偏見)。在復數(shù)名詞前面可用number，如the number of mistakes; the number of students
5.The satellite also demonstrated how it could provide help to people living in isolated areas where transportation is difficult.
how引導的是一個賓語從句。我們很熟悉的是that引導的賓語從句，而且that常�？梢允÷�。如：We must remember (that)things are easier said than done. (我們必須記住事情都是說起來容易，做起來難。)
用連接代詞或副詞引導的賓語從句我們也應弄清楚。
provide是一個常用單詞，通常可以有如下用法：provide sth. to/for sb.; provide sb. with sth.; provide sb. sth.;provide that…，在前一個單元中，我們已對provide一詞有過講解
6.He was then able to follow the doctor's instructions on how to care for the patient.
句子中的on意思為“關于;有關”，可用about替換
care of 在句子中的意思是“照顧”，可用attend; look after替換。
care for 還可以解釋為“擔心”，“介意”，“愿意”，可用about替換for.
1)He doesn't care about/for his clothes. (他不講究衣著。)
2)The old lady cared much for her daughter's safety. (老太太非常為女兒的安全擔心。
7.The most common use of telecommunication satellites，however，has been for transmitting telephone calls.however
在本句中做副詞用，意思相當于but.但是however和but在用法上是有差異的。however不放在句首或句末時，前后通常都加逗號，而but則不用。請看例句：
1)It is not，however， the only answer to the question. (然而，這不是問題的答案。)
2)I am sorry，but I won't be able to come this time. (很報歉，我這次不能來了。)
8. Telecommunication can make information from around the world available to use quickly and easily， but some people worry that this may be a risk to our privacy.
available是一個形容詞，意思是“可得到的;可用的;有效的”。
1)I am sorry those shoes are not available in your size. (很報歉，那些鞋沒你的尺碼。)
2)If I am not available when you call， leave a message. (你打電話來時如果我不在，請留個言。)
9.We can prevent this from happening by carefully controlling the new technology.
prevent…from…意思為“阻止…發(fā)生”，也可用stop…from…或keep…from.From在前兩個短語中可被省去。
Nothing can prevent him (from)going there.(什么也阻止不了他去那兒。)
本課主要詞組及語法要點
詞組：
1. at the beginning of 2.means of
3. over long distance 4. by the middle of
5. such as 6. change into
7. from…to… 8. be capable of
9. not only…but… 10.in theory
11. have access to 12.amount of
13. provide…to… 14.follow sb's instructions
15. care for 16. as well as
17. at the same time 18. make…available
19. pay for 20.isolate…from…
語法：
1.過去完成時
1)…both radio and television had be come established means of transmitting sounds and pictures.
2. 非限定性定語從句
1)…radio waves， which are then sent from a station on earth to an orbiting satellite.
2)…back to earth， where another station picks them up and changes them back into television signals.
3)The combination of satellites，which transmit information，computers，which store information，and television，which displays information，will change every home into an education and entertainment center.
2. 賓語從句
1)We must remember that technology alone is not the answer.
2)The satellite also demonstrated how it could provide help to people living in isolated areas…。
3. 注意such as，as well as，as的用法
1)In order to transmit an event such as the Olympics via satellite， …
2)…printed materials such as books and magazines.
3)…as well as get any information they need， …
4)As one telecommunication expert days， …
Text B What People Don't Know about Air
短語表達
1. without
We couldn't have finished the work so soon without your help.
2. adv. + past participle
It is widely known that the earth goes around the sun.
It is generally believed that the earth is getting hotter.
3. where
Where there is a will，there is a way.
4. be forced to
They were forced to work 14 hours a day.
5. shelter v.& n.
Mother tried to shelter her from the blow of the tragic news.
You have to find shelter from the blazing sun.
6. protect from
She had his umbrella to protect her from the sun.
7. deadly adj.
A drop of this poison might be deadly to man.
8. burst
As he braked a tire burst.
Everybody in the room burst out laughing.
The little girl burst into tears.
9. rest upon
His arm rested upon the table.
The task rested upon my shoulder.
His eyes rested upon a strange object.
10. gaze at
He was standing at the window， gazing at the street.
11. not…until
He didn't go out to play until he finished his homework.
12. in the meantime
13. pay attention to
Please pay more attention to your spelling next time.
14. add to
If you praise others more often， you can add great happiness to their life.
What he said just now added to my confusion.
本課主要語法點：動詞不定式
在句子中，不能作謂語，而是擔任其他語法功能的動詞，叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞包括動詞不定式，分詞和動名詞。
1.不定式的語法功能：不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征，因此他在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、賓補、定語和狀語。
1)作主語
如：To speak English well is not an easy job.說好英語不是一件容易的事情。
動詞不定式作主語時，為了保持句子的平衡，往往用it作形式主語，而把不定式短語放在謂語動詞之后。
如：It is important to master English grammar.掌握英語的語法是重要的。
2)作表語
如：Our plan is to set up another middle school for the children.我們的計劃是為孩子們再建一所學校。
His ambition is to become a successful scientist.他的抱負是要成為一名成功的科學家。
3)作賓語
如：They decided to change their mind. 他們決定改變主意。
I can't afford to live in a detached house.我住不起獨門獨院的房子。
注：a)不定式短語作賓語時，如果還有賓語補足語，往往把不定式短語放在賓語補足語后面，而用it作形式賓語。
如：I find it interesting to study English.我覺得學英語很有趣。
b)動詞不定式也可以作某些形容詞短語的賓語。這些形容詞有：ready, eager, anxious, able, sure, glad, afraid, pleased等。
如：They are anxious to learn how to swim.他們渴望學會游泳。
c)動詞不定式一般不作介詞的賓語，但是不定式之前如有疑問詞，就可以作介詞的賓語。
如：Professor Wang gave some advice on how to learn a foreign language.王教授給了一些如何學習外語的建議。
d) 有些動詞可以跟疑問詞+不定式作賓語
如：I don't know what to do next.我不知道下一步該做什么。
4)作賓語補足語
動詞不定式可用作復合賓語中的賓語補足語。
如：My English teacher advised me to buy a better dictionary. 我的英語老師建議我買一本好的詞典。
注：在feel, hear, listen to, look at, observe, see, watch, make, have, let等動詞后面，復合賓語中動詞不定式的標記to通常被省略。動詞help后面的to可以省略也可以保留。
如：I saw her enter the cinema.我看見她進了*院。
We must have someone repair the computer.我們必須讓人來修這臺電腦。
He helps the little girl (to) finish her homework everyday.他每天都幫助這個小女孩完成她的家庭作業(yè)。
5)作定語
動詞不定式作定語放在所修飾的名詞或代詞之后。
如：Her desire to win was apparent.她的求勝愿望顯而易見。
She was the only one to get a scholarship.她是得到獎學金的人。
注：a)作定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、工具， 不定式后面須加相應的介詞。
如：She is looking for a room to live in.她在尋找一間房子住。(live是不及物動詞，后面加相應的介詞)
I need a pen to write with.我需要一支筆寫字。(pen是write動作的工具，在write后面加介詞)
但是如果不定式修飾的名詞是time, place或way, 不定式后面的介詞習慣上省去。
如：He had no place to live.他沒有居住的地方。
That's no way to talk.不應這樣談話。
b)在there+be這一句型中，動詞不定式作定語時可能出現(xiàn)動詞不定式的被動式，其含義和主動式基本相同。
如：There are many books to read/ to be read.有好多書要讀。
但是當說話人考慮的是必須有人去完成某件事情時，不定式用主動形式，如果說話人強調的是事情本身必須完成，則用被動式。
如：There's nothing to do.意為無事可做，感到無聊。
There's nothing to be done.意為某東西壞了，無法使之恢復正常。
c)被only, last, next，序數(shù)詞，高級修飾的名詞常用不定式作定語。
如：The next train to arrive is from New York.下一列到達的火車是從紐約開來的。
Clint was the only person to survive the air crash. Clint 是這次*事故中的幸存者。
6)作狀語
a)動詞不定式作目的狀語：
如：He went to America to learn English.他去美國學習英語。
為了強調動詞不定式所表示的目的時，動詞不定式可以用in order to或so as to.
如：She reads China Daily every day in order to/so as to improve her English.她每天讀《中國日報》提高她的英語水平。
in order to 為于句首或句中均可，so as to不能為于句首。
b)動詞不定式作結果狀語：
不定式作結果狀語時，往往僅限于幾個具有終止含義的動詞，learn(得知),find(發(fā)現(xiàn))，see(看見)，hear(聽見)等。
如：He retuned home to learn his son had gone to the countryside.他回家后才知道他的兒子已去了鄉(xiāng)下。
不定式用在too…to和enough結構中表示結果
如：He is old enough to join the army.他夠參軍的年齡了。
He is too short to reach the top of the shelf.他太矮了，夠不著書架的頂層。
某些形容詞如：anxious, delighted, easy, kind, pleased, ready, willing 等，在too…to結構中，沒有否定的含義，而是表示肯定。
如：He is too ready to find fault.他老是愛挑毛病。
在not, only, all, never, but等后的too…to結構，too的含義為very,不定式?jīng)]有否定含義。
如：It is never too late to learn.活到老，學到老。
動詞不定式和only連用時，表示未預料到的結果。
如：He went to the station hurriedly only to find the train had left.他匆匆地趕到車站，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)火車已經(jīng)離開了。
2.動詞不定式的復合結構
動詞不定式的復合結構for+名詞或代詞賓格+動詞不定式，在這種結構中，for后面的名詞或代詞是不定式的邏輯主語。
如：It is necessary for us to learn from each other.我們必須互相學習。(不定式作主語)
What we want is for you to understand the matter clearly.我們所希望的是你更清楚地了解這件事。(不定式作表語)
We consider it necessary for him to do the job alone.我們認為很有必要他獨自做那項工作。(不定式作賓語)
There is a lot work for us to do.有很多工作要我們去做。(不定式作定語)
The text is too long for us to learn by heart.課文太長，我們背不下來。(不定式作狀語)
注：有些表示人或事物性質、特征的形容詞的不定式復合結構是of+名詞或代詞賓格+動詞不定式
如： It is very kind of you to help him every day.每天幫助他，你真好。
It is brave of you to do that.你那樣做真勇敢。
3.疑問詞what, who, which, when, where, how和連接詞whether之后，可以跟帶to的不定式，構成一個特殊的動詞不定式短語，可以在句中作主語，賓語和表語。
如：How to solve the problem is very important.如何解決這個問題是很重要的。(主語)
He didn't know what to say. 他不知道該怎么說。(賓語)
The question is where to find the source of water.問題是在什么地方能找到水源。(表語)
4.不帶to的不定式
1)在feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, watch, let, have等動詞后面，動詞不定式作賓語補足語，動詞不定式符號to通常省略。
2)在would rather…than, would sooner…than, rather than, had better等結構中
如：I would rather go than stay.我寧愿走不愿意留下。
He insisted on going back to his work rather than stay in hospital.他堅持要返回到工作崗位，而不再住院。
3)在以why引導的疑問句中不帶to。
如：Why spend such a lot of money? 為什么花那么多錢?
4)在cannot but, cannot choose, cannot help but之后的不定式不帶to.
如：I cannot but admire his courage. 我不得不欽佩他的勇氣。
5) 不定式動詞在介詞but, except, besides后面時，如果這些介詞之前有行為動詞do的各種形式，那么，這些介詞后面的不定式不帶to, 否則要帶to。
如：The boy would do nothing but cry.這個男孩只是哭。
I have no choice but to accept the fact.除了接受這個事實之外，我別無選擇。
6)某些習語中，如：make believe(假裝)，let go (放開，釋放)，hear say(據(jù)說)，go hang (
忘卻)等。
如：The children are making believe that they are princes and princesses.孩子假裝他們是王子和公主。
7)兩個動詞不定式由and, or 或than連接在一起，為了避免重復，第二個動詞不定式可以省去。
如：I'd like to lie down and go to sleep.我想躺下睡覺。
但是如果是兩者的對照，后面的不定式不省to.
如：It is better to laugh than to cry. 笑比哭好。
第二部分 鞏固練習
用括號中動詞的適當形式填空
1.The boy was made ___________ (sing) the song once again.
填to sing. 在make后面，不定式作主語補足語時應該加上不定式符號to
2.Don't make children _________ (work) too hard.
填work. make后面的動詞不定式作賓語補足語的時候，省略不定式符號to
3.They would rather _____ (die) than _________ (surrender).
填 die, surrender。would rather 后面不用to
4.He could not choose but ___________ (love) her.
填love. could not choose but后面之后的不定式不帶to
5.She could do nothing but _________ (change ) her name under the circumstances.
填change. 不定式動詞在介詞but后面時，如果這些介詞之前有行為動詞do的各種形式，那么，這些介詞后面的不定式不帶to, 否則要帶to
6.He had his son _________ (play)the violin three hours a day.
填play. have 后面的動詞不定式作賓語補足語，要省略to
7.There was nothing to do except _________ (escape).
填escape. 不定式動詞在介詞except后面時，如果這些介詞之前有行為動詞do的各種形式，那么，這些介詞后面的不定式不帶to, 否則要帶to
8.He has not alternative but ________ (go ) and ask his sister for help.
填 to go. 不定式動詞在介詞but后面時，如果這些介詞之前有行為動詞do的各種形式，那么，這些介詞后面的不定式不帶to, 否則要帶to
9.What can you see in the park?
I can see birds ________ (fly ) in the sky and sometimes I can see people _______ (do) shadowboxing.
填 fly/ do 感官動詞see后面的動詞不定式作賓語補足語的時候，省略to
【篇三】
本課簡介
在learned words and popular words這篇課文中，作者對學術詞匯和普通詞匯進行了定義。講述了兩類詞匯之間的差異，并且指出把詞分為學術的和普通的方便而且有道理。但是人們必須注意，把普通詞匯理解為屬于大眾所有的詞，而不是某個特定階層的人們所擁有的東西。學術詞匯也并非有學問之人專用，只是它的存在是由于書籍和文學的培養(yǎng)而不是日常會話的實際需要。
本課主要語言點
1.In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which， taken together， make up the whole vocabulary.
class在本句中的意思是“種類”，相當于type， category.
class 還常用來表示“等級”，如：a second-class hotel (二等旅館);
class 也可以用動詞用，意思是“把 …分類;把…看作”，
make up 在本句中的意思是“組成、構成”，
用被動語態(tài)時則應用be made up of，
taken together 過去分詞短語做后置定語，對中心詞做一些附加說明，相當于一個非限定性定語從句，要用逗號和中心詞隔開
2.First，there are those words with which we become familiar in ordinary conversation，which we learn，that is to say，from the members of our own family and from our friends，and which we should know and use even if we could not read or write.
句子中which引導的都是定語從句，修飾中心詞words.第一個which的前面有介詞with，這兒的with是familiar with中的介詞前置了。Familiar with 意為“熟悉”。如：Are you familiar with the man standing over there?(站在那邊的那個人你熟悉嗎?)
請注意familiar with 與familiar to 的區(qū)別，familiar with 的主語通常是人，而familiar to的主語通常是物。
that is to say 是插入語，其作用是對整個一句話進行解釋，類似的插入語還有so to speak， if I may say so， if you don't mind等等
2)The energy problem concerns us all (能源問題關系到我們每個人)
stock的意思很多，如“存貨”，“股票”，“公債券”，“牲畜”等。
stock in trade意思是“例行工作”，“常規(guī)”，
4.Such words may be called “popular”， since they belong to the people at large and are not the possession of a limited class only.
since 在句中引導的是一個原因狀語從句，
at large 在本句中的意思是“整個”，這個詞組的意思還有很多，請看下面的句子：
1)The people at large love peace (大多數(shù)人熱愛和平)
2)The virus is still at large (這種病毒還在蔓延)
3)The murderer is still at large (*犯仍逍遙法外)
4)He talked at large about his plans (他詳盡地談了自己的計劃)
5)They made the arrangements at large (他們隨意地做了安排 )
5.請注意區(qū)別與possession 有關的兩個詞組：in possession of sth……和 in the possession of sb.
1)He is in possession of this house (他擁有這所房子)
2)The house is in the possession of him
3)On the other hand， our language includes large number of words which are relatively seldom used in ordinary conversation.
英語中有許多表示啟承轉合的詞語，閱語中注意這些詞有助于我們提高理解力，寫作中注意用這些詞，有助于我們把文章寫得連貫、有條理。On the other hand 在本句中用來表示不同或相反的語氣，在前一段中講了popular word 這一段中作者則要講講learned words.表示不同或相反語氣的詞還有很多，比如：Conversely， however， on the contrary， unlike， whereas， yet等等。
前面我們提到過number可以與可數(shù)名詞連用，而amount可與不可數(shù)名詞連用，如：
1)A large number of students have passed the exam (許多學生已經(jīng)通過了考試)
2)They paid a large amount of money for the house (他們付了一大筆錢買了這座房子)
6.Their meanings are known to every educated person， but there is little occasion to use them at home
occasion 通常可以做可數(shù)名詞用，意思是“時刻、場合”;也可以做不可數(shù)名詞用，意思是：“必要性、需要;機會”。
7.In the latter，we are using a Latin Derivation which has exactly the same meaning
在前一句中用了“in the first case，” 本句中的“in the latter ”是指in the latter case .對兩件事分別進行表述時，可以用in the first case， in the latter case 這一類詞，條理非常清楚，也可以用the former，the latter 來表述。derivation 是derive 的名詞形式。Latin derivation 意思是“拉丁語詞源的詞”
8.The terms “popular”and“l(fā)earned”，as applied to words，are not absolute definitions.本句中的term意思是“術語、名稱”
term 還有“期限;任期;學期”的意思，如：
During his 4-year term of office，he did a lot of things for the common people.
(在他四年的任職期間，他為普通百姓做了不少事。)
apply to 在句中的意思是“用于”，如：
1)This rule applies to upper class students only (這條規(guī)則只適用于高年級學生。)
2)I don't think what he says applies to you (我想他的話對你不適用)
apply for 則是“申請”的意思
9.Still the classification into “l(fā)earned” and “popular” is convenient and sound .
本句中的sound是形容詞，意思是“正確的;明智的”，如：
He felt so happy that he had made a sound decision.
(做了正確的決定，他感到很高興。)
請看下面幾個句子，注意sound 在句中的意思：
1)He is sound in body and mind (他身心健康)
2)The house is sound .Don't hesitate to buy it (這所房了完好無損，別猶豫，買下它)
3)The baby is having a sound sleep.(寶寶在酣睡)
4)Father gave him a sound beating.(父親給他一頓痛打)
10.When we call a word “l(fā)earned” we don't mean that it is used by learned persons alone， but simply that its presence in the English vocabulary is due to books and the cultivation of literature rather than to the actual needs of ordinary people
not (that)…but (that)。意思“不是…。而是。”如：
1)I came here again not because I enjoy the scenery so much but because I like the people .
(我又來這兒，不是因為我多喜歡這兒的景色，而是我愛這兒的人們。)
2)By calling him Shylock， I don't mean that he is named Shylock，but that he is as miserly as Shylock.
(叫他夏洛克，我不是說他的名字叫夏洛克，而是說他像夏洛克一樣吝嗇。)
due to 在句中的意思是“由于”，如：
1)His failure was due to carelessness (他的失敗是由于粗心。)
2)Due to lack of funds，they had to postpone the project.(由于缺少資金，他們不得不推遲計劃)
rather than 在本句的意思是“不是…而是……”，“與其……不如…”
1) He is a writer than a teacher (與其說他是教師，不如說他是作家。)
2)He lay rather than sit in the armchair (與其說他是坐在扶手椅上不如說是躺在里面。)
本課主要詞組
1.make up
2.be familiar with
3.learn from
4.belong to
5.at large
6.on the other hand
7.be knows to
8.acquaintance with
9.in a style
10.be of importance
11.in the first case
12.in the latter (case)
13.in print
14.apply to
15.come up
16.as to
17.as a whole
18.due to
19.rather than
Text B how should you build up your vocabulary?
短語表達
1.build up (建立;增強;增加)
2.come across (穿過，出現(xiàn);遇到)
We are bound to come across difficulties， but we are determined to overcome them.
3.look up (查閱)
4.at top speed (以高速度)
5.depend on (依靠;取決于)
6.make sense (有意義、講得通)
7.try doing sth(嘗試做某事)
8.come up with (提出，想出;提供)
9.lead to(導致)
10.after all (畢竟)
11.provide with (提供)
12.begin with (以……開始)
本課重點掌握的語法： 分詞
分詞是一種非限定動詞，它兼有動詞、形容詞和副詞的特征。在句中可以擔任定語、表語、賓語補足語和狀語。分詞可以分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。
1.現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的區(qū)別
語態(tài)上不同：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動的意思，多用以描述事物對人的情感所具有的影響力或作用。過去分詞表示被動的意思，多用以描述人物的情感，表達外界事物對人產生的影響。
如：a moving film一部感動人的*
a moved audience受感動的觀眾
時間上的關系：現(xiàn)在分詞表示的動作往往正在進行，過去分詞所表示的動作往往已經(jīng)完成。
如：developing countries發(fā)展中國家
developed countries發(fā)達國家
boiling water正在開的水
boiled water 開水
2.分詞作定語
如果是單個分詞作定語，放在所修飾的名詞之前。
如：I am reading a very interesting novel.我正在讀一本非常有趣的小說。
如果分詞短語作定語，通常放在所修飾的名詞之后。分詞短語作定語，其作用相當于一個定語從句。
如：Most of the young teachers working in this university are Ph.D.在這所大學工作的大多數(shù)年輕教師都是博士。
(=who work in this university)
Do you know the girl employed by this company? 你認識受雇于這家公司的那個女孩嗎?
(=who is employed by this company)
注：動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞作定語是有區(qū)別的。動名詞作定語，和它修飾的名詞在邏輯上沒有主謂關系，即它不是該名詞發(fā)出的動作，只是表明所修飾名詞的目的和用途�，F(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示所修飾的詞與分詞有邏輯上的主謂關系。
如：a sleeping car= a car for sleeping臥車(動名詞)
a sleeping boy= a boy who is sleeping睡覺的男孩(分詞)
3.分詞作表語
分詞作表語相當于形容詞，現(xiàn)在分詞多指主語的性質，過去分詞說明主語的狀態(tài)。
如：They were completely exhausted.他們完全筋疲力盡了。
The rumors were startling. 謠言令人震驚。
注：a)分詞作表語，相當于形容詞。不可與構成進行時態(tài)和被動語態(tài)中的分詞混淆起來。他們的形式是一樣的，但可以從意義上予以區(qū)別。
如：The film is moving.這*很感人。(分詞作表語，說明主語的性質)
They are moving next Sunday.他們下周日搬家。(現(xiàn)在進行時，表示動作)
The bookstore is now closed.書店現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)關閉了。(分詞作表語，說明主語所處的狀態(tài))
The bookstore is usually closed at 7:30 p.m.書店通常在下午7：30關閉。(被動語態(tài)，表示動作)
b)動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞作表語的區(qū)別：動名詞作表語說明主語的內容，而且可以轉換到句首作主語;現(xiàn)在分詞作表語，表示主語的特征，其作用相當于形容詞。
如：His favorite sport is running.他喜愛的運動是跑步。(動名詞作表語)
可以轉換為：Running is his favorite sport.
The film is very moving.這部*很感人。(分詞作表語)
4.作賓語補足語
分詞可以在動詞后面的復合賓語中作賓語補足語。常跟分詞作賓補的動詞有：
have, keep, get, see, hear, find, feel, make, observe, watch等等。
如：He kept the machine running for ten hours.他使機器一直運轉了十個小時。
We saw her entering the cinema.我們看見她進了*院。
注：a)動詞have, get后面的復合賓語中，通常由過去分詞作賓語補足語，且表示的動作往往是別人完成的。
如：We must get the television set repaired.我們必須把電視機修好。(別人修的)
I had my hair cut.我理發(fā)了。(別人給我理的)
b)現(xiàn)在分詞構成的復合賓語與不定式構成的復合賓語在意義上是有差別的�，F(xiàn)在分詞表示動作正在發(fā)生(即動作處于發(fā)生的過程中，還沒有結束);不定式著重說明動作的全過程，表示動作發(fā)生了(即動作全過程結束了)。
如：I saw the girl getting on the bus.我看見她在上公共汽車。
I saw the girl get on the bus. 我看見她上公共汽車了。
如果賓語補足語是一系列動作，要用不定式。
如：I saw him enter the room, unlock a drawer, take out a document, photograph it and put it back.我看見他進了房間，開了一個抽屜的鎖，拿出一份文件，拍了照片，又把它放回。
5.分詞作狀語
現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語，現(xiàn)在分詞的動作就是句子主語的動作，它們之間是主動關系;過去分詞作狀語，過去分詞表示的動作是句子主語承受的動作，它們之間是被動關系。分詞作狀語可以表示時間、原因、方式或伴隨情況等。
時間狀語：分詞作狀語，相當于時間狀語從句�？稍诜衷~前面加when, while.
如：Walking along the street one day, she saw a little girl running up to her.有一天當她正沿著大街向前走時，她看見一個女孩朝她跑了過來。
(When she was walking along the street one day)
When heated, ice will be changed into water.當冰受熱時，它就會變成水。
(When it is heated)
原因狀語：相當于表示原因的狀語從句
如：Having no place to go, the man wandered about in the street.由于沒有要去的地方，那個男人只好在街上徘徊。
(Because the man had no place to go)
Being ill, he didn't go to school yesterday.他由于病了，昨天沒有去上學。
(Because he was ill)
方式、伴隨情況及結果狀語
如：She came running back to tell us the news.她跑著回來告訴我們這個消息。(方式)
The headmaster went into the lab, followed by the foreign guests.校長走進了實驗室，后面跟著外賓。(伴隨)
Jane fell off the bike, cutting her leg.簡從自行車上摔下，劃破了腿。(結果)
條件狀語：前面可帶if, unless等從屬連詞，相當于條件狀語從句。
如：Working hard, you will succeed.好好工作，你就會成功的。
(If you work hard)
Some metropolitan newspapers would make sizable volumes if printed in book form. 如果印成書的形式，有些大城市的報紙的銷量會相當可觀。
(If they are printed in book form)
6. 獨立結構
當分詞的動作不是句子的主語發(fā)出的， 而是屬于主語以外的人或事物，這時必須在分詞前給其加一個邏輯主語，這種帶主語的分詞結構通常稱為獨立主格結構。這種結構屬于作狀語，用來表示條件、原因、伴隨情況等。
如：Weather permitting, we'll have an outing tomorrow.要是天氣許可的話，我們明天去郊游。(條件)
The night being dark, she was afraid to go there.天黑，她不敢去那。(原因)
The bell ringing, the children all stopped talking.鈴聲一響，孩子們都不說話了。(時間)
The teacher came in, his hand carrying a book.老師手中拿著書進來了。(伴隨情況)
注：a)還有一種表示伴隨情況的獨立結構， with+名詞或代詞賓格+分詞(或形容詞、介詞短語)
如：With everything taken into consideration, we all think this is a very good plan.每件事情都考慮到了，我們認為這是一項不錯的計劃。
She entered the train station, with a bag in her hand.她進了車站，手中提了一個包。
He sleeps with the window open even in winter.他即使在冬天也開著窗戶睡覺。
b) 獨立結構中的being, having been有時可以省去。
如：The meeting (being) over, we all left the room.會議結束之后，我們都離開了房間。
Our work ( having been)finished, we went home.我們的工作完成之后，我們都回家了。
7.分詞的否定結構
現(xiàn)在分詞的否定式由“not+現(xiàn)在分詞”構成
如：Not knowing where to go, she wanted to the police for help.她不知道該往哪走，就去請警察幫助。
過去分詞表否定，常借助un-等前綴表示。
如：The boy was left uncared for.那孩子無人照管。
8.現(xiàn)在分詞的時態(tài)
現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式 doing：現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式表示的動作與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發(fā)生，或在謂語動詞表示的動詞之前或之后發(fā)生。
如：She sat there reading the text.她坐在那里讀課文。(同時發(fā)生)
Going into the room, he shut the door.走進房子，他就關上了門。(分詞動作先于謂語發(fā)生)
現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式 having done：表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前，通常只作狀語，表示時間或原因。
如：Having finished her homework, the little girl began to watch TV.做完作業(yè)后，這小女孩開始看電視。
第二部分 鞏固練習
1.When I caught him _______ me I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.
a. cheating b. cheat c. to cheat d. to be cheat
選a. 現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補表示動作正在發(fā)生
2.__________, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor.
a. Other things being equal b. Were other things equal c. To be equal to other things d. Other things to be equal
選a. 獨立主格結構
3. All things _________ the planned trip will have to be called off.
a. considered b. be considered c. considering d. having considered
選a. 獨立主格結構
4. All flights __________ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train.
a. had been cancelled b. have been cancelled c. were cancelled d. having been cancelled
選d. 獨立主格結構
5.I have heard both teachers and students _____ well of him.
a. speak b. to speak c. spoken d. to have spoken
選a. 省略to的不定式作賓補，表示的是動作發(fā)生了。
6.This crop has similar qualities to the previous one, __________ both wind-resistant and adapted to the same type of soil.
a. been b. to be c being d. having been
選c.現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語
7.The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience_______ on benches, chairs or boxes.
a. having seated b. seating c. having been seated d. seated
選d. seat只能用過去分詞的形式表示使就坐。
8.You will see this product ______ wherever you go.
a. to be advertised b. advertised c. advertise d. advertising
選b.過去分詞作賓補
9.He wasn't appointed chairman of the committee, ________ not very popular with all its members.
a. to be considered b. considering c. being considered d. having considered
選c.分詞短語作狀語
10.Professor Wang, __________ for his informative lectures, was warmly received by his students.
