一、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
“非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞”可分為動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞.它在句子中的作用很多：除了不作謂語(yǔ)外,它可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)與復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)(主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)).有些及物動(dòng)詞后面接不帶to的不定式作復(fù)合賓語(yǔ).這些動(dòng)詞歸納如下：一感(feel).二聽(hear,listen to),三讓(have,1et, make),四看(see,watCh,notice,observe).再加上help somebody(to)do something和美國(guó)英語(yǔ)look at somebody do somthing.還有“二讓”屬特殊：get somebody to do something 與keep somebody doing.而有些及物動(dòng)詞后面接動(dòng)名詞(the -ing form)作賓語(yǔ).這些動(dòng)詞歸納為一句話：Papa C makes friends.這是由如下動(dòng)詞的開頭字母組成：permit,advise, practise,avoid,consider,mind, allow,keep,enjoy,suggest, finish,risk,imagine,escape,need,delay,stand(忍受). 為了容易記住,也可以編成順口溜：“允許完成練習(xí),建議避免冒險(xiǎn),考慮延期逃跑,喜歡保持想象,需要反對(duì)忍受”.其相對(duì)應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞依次是：permit/allow,finish,practise;
advise/suggest, avoid,risk： consider, delay, escape/miss; enjoy/appreciate, keep, imagine; need/want/require,mind. can't help/can’t stand.
二、復(fù)合句
1、學(xué)生最容易混淆的是定語(yǔ)從句與同位語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別.
例如：A、The news that our team has won the match is true. (同位語(yǔ)從句)
B、The news that he told us surprised everybody here. (定語(yǔ)從句)
關(guān)鍵的區(qū)別在于連接或關(guān)系代詞that：有意義的是定語(yǔ), 無(wú)意義的是同位.因?yàn)橐龑?dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的that在從句中作主語(yǔ)或 賓語(yǔ),而引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的that只起到連接詞的作用.
2、接著容易混淆的是引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞that與 which：that之前是不定(代詞)、序數(shù)(詞)、(形容詞)級(jí)：which之前是介詞短語(yǔ)與逗號(hào)(非限制性).
例如：A、All that we have to do is to practise every day.
B、The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
C、I have lost my pen,which I like very much.
D、The house in front of which there is a garden is my home.
三、It的用法
1、It除了代替人和物以外,還可以作形式主語(yǔ).而真正的主語(yǔ)(不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句)則放于謂語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)之后.
例如：It is nor easy to finish the work in two days.
然而有少數(shù)表語(yǔ)之后接動(dòng)名詞作真正的主語(yǔ).這些表語(yǔ)是：無(wú)助(no help)、無(wú)用(no use)、沒好處(no good);工作(hard work)、費(fèi)時(shí)(a waste of time)、又危險(xiǎn)(a danger).
例如：A、It is no use crying over spilt milk.
B、It is a waste of time waiting for him.
2、It還可以作形式賓語(yǔ).通常下列動(dòng)詞后面可接it作形式賓語(yǔ)：2f2tcjm(find,feel,think,take,consider,judge, make).
例如：A、He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.
B、I think it no use arguing with him.
3、It用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句式.要強(qiáng)調(diào)句子的某一部分(主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、 狀語(yǔ)),可以把it當(dāng)作先行詞.這種句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是：It is(was)+ 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that(who)+句子的其余部分.
例如：A、It iS Professor Lin who teaches us English—(強(qiáng)調(diào)主語(yǔ))
B、It was in Shanghai that l saw the film.—(強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語(yǔ))
C、It was in 1990 that I worked in the factory.(同上)
但要注意與定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別.
例如：D、It was 1990 when I worked in the factory.(定語(yǔ)從句)
在強(qiáng)調(diào)句式里,我們把強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)It is(was)…that除去,句子還很完整.如例句C.而例句D就不能.
四、倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)
學(xué)生容易混淆的是全部倒裝與部分倒裝.如何區(qū)分之,編個(gè)順口溜：副(adv.)介(prep.)提前全倒裝,其它句式部分倒;否定提前倒助動(dòng),讓步狀語(yǔ)倒表語(yǔ);復(fù)合句式倒主句,不
倒裝的屬特殊.下面舉例說明：
A、Here comes the bus.(副詞提前,全倒裝)
B、Here he comes.(代詞作主語(yǔ),不倒裝)
C、In front of the house lies a garden.(介詞短語(yǔ)提前,全倒裝)
D、Never shall I do this again.(否定詞提前,部分倒裝)
E、Young as he is ,he knows a lot.(讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,表語(yǔ)倒裝)
F、Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.(only 修飾狀語(yǔ),主句倒裝)
G、Only he can save the patient.(only修飾主語(yǔ).不倒裝)
H、Not only will help be given to people,but also medical treatment will be provided.(否定詞提前,部分倒裝)
I、Not only he but also we like sports.(連接兩個(gè)主語(yǔ),不倒裝)
五、虛擬語(yǔ)氣
虛擬語(yǔ)氣也是一個(gè)難點(diǎn).所謂虛擬語(yǔ)氣是表示說話人的愿望、假設(shè)、猜測(cè)或建議,而不表示客觀存在的事實(shí).它通過句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來表示.現(xiàn)歸納如下：純假設(shè),用虛擬,動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)退一級(jí)：條件句,分主從,主句謂語(yǔ)前加would (should,could,might);表愿望,用虛擬,wish后面接賓語(yǔ)(從句)：現(xiàn)在過去與將來,動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)退一級(jí)：提建議,用虛擬,賓語(yǔ)(從句)動(dòng)詞用(should)do：倆建議,三要求,再加堅(jiān)持與命令(suggest,advise,demand,require,request,insist,order)：It is time和eoukd rather,后接叢句用虛擬：部分主語(yǔ)從句中, 謂語(yǔ)用虛擬結(jié)構(gòu) (It is necessry /important/natural/natural/strange/strange that……should do). 下面舉例說明：
A、If you came tomorrow,we would have the metting. (條件句虛擬)
B、Without air,there would be no living things.(同上)
C、We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.(表示愿望虛擬)
D、He demanded that we (should)start right away.(表示建議虛擬)
E、It is(high)time that we left (should leave)now.(特殊從句虛擬)
F、I would rather you gave me the book.(同上)
G、It is necessary that we should clean the room everyday,(主語(yǔ)從句虛擬)
H、He speaks English so fluently as if he were English. (特殊從句虛擬)
1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：
一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)大多用動(dòng)詞原形來表示。Be\have在人稱和數(shù)上應(yīng)按自己的變化規(guī)則與主語(yǔ)保持一致。其他動(dòng)詞若其主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)，則應(yīng)按動(dòng)詞第三人稱單數(shù)的變化規(guī)律變化。
(1)表示主語(yǔ)現(xiàn)在所處的狀態(tài)及所具備的特征、性格、能力等。 Eg:They are both tired and hungry.
(2)表示習(xí)慣性的，反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)作與狀態(tài)。
常用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：always often sometimes now and then every day
(3)表示客觀事實(shí)或普遍真理。
Eg:The earth moves around the sun.
(4)在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句表示將來的動(dòng)作。
Eg:If it doesn’t rain tomorrow,we will go climbing.
(5)表示按規(guī)定預(yù)計(jì)要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，只限于go,come,leave,start,stay,return,begin等。
(6)在某些以have,there開頭的句子中，用動(dòng)詞go,come的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
Eg:Here comes the bus!
2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：
(1)表示說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作;
(2)表示即將發(fā)生的或按計(jì)劃安排好的動(dòng)作，多限于go,come,start，leave,return,arrive,stay,fly等表示運(yùn)動(dòng)方向的動(dòng)詞，句中往往有表示將來的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。
(3)少數(shù)動(dòng)詞如go,come,leave,arrive,return,begin,do,die,lose等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示預(yù)計(jì)即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作;
(4)表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
3.以-ing和-ed結(jié)尾的形容詞：
以-ed結(jié)尾的形容詞用來描述人的精神狀態(tài)或人對(duì)事物的態(tài)度或感受;以-ing結(jié)尾的形容詞有“令人......的”意思，常用來指物。
