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　　英譯漢

　　Old people in Widou Thiengoly say they can remember when there were so many trees that you couldn’t see the sky. Now, miles of reddish-brown sand surround this village in northwestern Senegal, dotted with occasional bushes and trees. Dried animal dung is scattered everywhere, but hardly any dried grass is.

　　Overgrazing and climate change are the major causes of the Sahara’s advance, said Gilles Boetsch, an anthropologist who directs a team of French scientists working with Senegalese researchers in the region.“The local Peul people are herders, often nomadic. But the pressure of the herds on the land has become too great,” Mr. Boetsch said in an interview. “The vegetation can’t regenerate itself.”

　　Since 2008, however, Senegal has been fighting back against the encroaching desert. Each year it has planted some two million seedling trees along a 545-kilometer, or 340-mile, ribbon of land that is the country’s segment of a major pan-African regeneration project, the Great Green Wall.First proposed in 2005, the program links Senegal and 10 other Saharan states in an alliance to plant a 15 kilometer-wide, 7,100-kilometer-long green belt to fend off the desert.While many countries have still to start on their sections of the barrier, Senegal has taken the lead, with the creation of a National Agency for the Great Green Wall.

　　“This semi-arid region is becoming less and less habitable. We want to make it possible for people to continue to live here,” Col. Pap Sarr, the agency’s technical director, said in an interview here. Colonel Sarr has forged working alliances between Senegalese researchers and the French team headed by Mr. Boetsch, in fields as varied as soil microbiology, ecology, medicine and anthropology.“In Senegal we hope to experiment with different ways of doing things that will benefit the other countries as they become more active,” the colonel said.Each year since 2008, from May to June, about 400 people are employed in eight nurseries, choosing and overseeing germination of seeds and tending the seedlings until they are ready for planting. In August, 1,000 people are mobilized to plant out rows of seedlings, about 2 million plants, allowing them a full two months of the rainy season to take root before the long, dry season sets in.

　　After their first dry season, the saplings look dead, brown twigs sticking out of holes in the ground, but 80 percent survive. Six years on, trees planted in 2008 are up to three meters, or 10 feet, tall.So far, 30,000 hectares, or about 75,000 acres, have been planted, including 4,000 hectares this summer.There are already discernible impacts on the microclimate, said Jean-Luc Peiry, a physical geography professor at the Université Blaise Pascal in Clermont-Ferrand, France, who has placed 30 sensors to record temperatures in some planted parcels.

　　“Preliminary results show that clumps of four to eight small trees can have an important impact on temperature,” Professor Peiry said in an interview. “The transpiration of the trees creates a microclimate that moderates daily temperature extremes.”“The trees also have an important role in slowing the soil erosion caused by the wind, reducing the dust, and acting like a large rough doormat, halting the sand-laden winds from the Sahara,” he added.Wildlife is responding to the changes. “Migratory birds are reappearing,” Mr. Boetsch said.

　　The project uses eight groundwater pumping stations built in 1954, before Senegal achieved its independence from France in 1960. The pumps fill giant basins that provide water for animals, tree nurseries and gardens where fruit and vegetables are grown.

　　在蒂昂戈利(Thiengoly)，老人們常說(shuō)起過(guò)去樹(shù)木繁多、遮天蔽日的景象。而現(xiàn)在，這座塞納加爾西北部的村莊已經(jīng)被棕紅色的沙土包圍，剩下的只有星星點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的灌木和樹(shù)木。干燥的動(dòng)物糞便四處散落，枯草卻難覓蹤跡。

　　人類(lèi)學(xué)家吉勒斯·博爾特斯(Gilles Boetsch)說(shuō)，撒哈拉沙漠情況惡化加速，主要原因是過(guò)度放牧和氣候變化。目前，他正在這一區(qū)域指導(dǎo)法國(guó)科學(xué)家團(tuán)隊(duì)和塞內(nèi)加爾籍的探索者進(jìn)行合作研究。 “當(dāng)?shù)氐溺隊(duì)?Peul)族以放牧為生，有時(shí)也過(guò)游牧生活。但牧群對(duì)于這片土地的壓力已大得讓其無(wú)力承受，”博爾特斯先生在一次采訪(fǎng)中說(shuō)，“這樣植被無(wú)法自己再生�！�

　　自2008年，塞內(nèi)加爾已經(jīng)開(kāi)始對(duì)沙漠侵蝕宣戰(zhàn)。過(guò)去的每年，該國(guó)都會(huì)沿著長(zhǎng)545公里長(zhǎng)(約合340英里)的帶狀區(qū)域種植 200 萬(wàn)株幼苗，這片區(qū)域就是“綠色長(zhǎng)城”在塞內(nèi)加爾境內(nèi)的部分�！熬G色長(zhǎng)城”是泛非洲主義者的綠植再生項(xiàng)目，該項(xiàng)目最初在 2005 年提出，現(xiàn)在聯(lián)合了塞內(nèi)加爾和其他十個(gè)撒哈拉國(guó)家一同建設(shè)，這條綠化帶寬 15 千米，長(zhǎng) 7100 千米，旨在防止沙漠侵襲。當(dāng)許多國(guó)家著手準(zhǔn)備自己國(guó)家所負(fù)責(zé)的綠化帶區(qū)域時(shí)，塞內(nèi)加爾已經(jīng)率先為“綠色長(zhǎng)城”項(xiàng)目設(shè)立了機(jī)關(guān)。

　　“這片半干旱的區(qū)域已經(jīng)越來(lái)越不適宜居住了。我們希望讓人類(lèi)在這里居住成為可能”，薩拉上校致力于塞內(nèi)加爾當(dāng)?shù)匮芯空吆筒�爾特斯帶領(lǐng)的法國(guó)團(tuán)隊(duì)在包括土壤微生物學(xué)，生態(tài)學(xué)，藥劑學(xué)和人類(lèi)學(xué)等領(lǐng)域通力合作。“在塞內(nèi)加爾，我們希望試行各種方法讓其他國(guó)家也能獲益，這樣他們也會(huì)更加活躍”，上校先生說(shuō)道。自2008年來(lái)，每年從五月到六月，該項(xiàng)目的八個(gè)護(hù)林所招募了約 400 人，他們的工作主要是挑選并繁育種子，并在八月份左右，將其育成幼苗。屆時(shí)，該項(xiàng)目會(huì)動(dòng)員1000人去植樹(shù)約 200 棵，讓它們能在旱季之前，有兩個(gè)月的雨季落地生根。

　　第一次的旱季過(guò)后，這些樹(shù)苗看起來(lái)已半死不活，棕色的樹(shù)枝從地面支出來(lái)。但卻有 80% 的樹(shù)苗成活。六年來(lái)，2008 年種下的樹(shù)植長(zhǎng)到了 3 米高(約合10英尺)。到現(xiàn)在，算上今年種的 4000 公頃，已經(jīng)累計(jì)種樹(shù) 3 萬(wàn)公頃(約合 7.5萬(wàn)畝)。

　　法國(guó)克萊蒙特(Clennot-Ferrand)地區(qū)帕斯卡爾大學(xué)的地理學(xué)教授簡(jiǎn)·呂佩里說(shuō)，在微氣候?qū)W上，已經(jīng)有了一些可見(jiàn)的變化。在該項(xiàng)目中，他放置了30個(gè)溫度記錄儀。佩里教授在一次采訪(fǎng)中提出，“樹(shù)木的呼吸作用創(chuàng)造了一個(gè)微氣候，這樣的微氣候可以減緩日常的極端氣溫。這些樹(shù)木在減慢刮風(fēng)造成的土壤侵蝕，減少塵土有著重要作用，就像門(mén)墊一樣，阻止從撒哈拉沙漠來(lái)的沙塵暴�！彼�補(bǔ)充說(shuō)。野生動(dòng)物也發(fā)現(xiàn)了環(huán)境的變化。博爾特斯先生說(shuō)，“候鳥(niǎo)又出現(xiàn)了�！�

　　該項(xiàng)目所使用的八個(gè)地下水泵站均建于 1954 年，在1960年塞內(nèi)加爾從法國(guó)獨(dú)立出來(lái)之前。水泵為動(dòng)植物存活依賴(lài)的大盆地提供水源，滋養(yǎng)水果和蔬菜生長(zhǎng)