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　　2020年研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試試題(英語(yǔ)二)

　　Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

　　Part A

　　Directions:

　　Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

　　Text 1

　　Rats and other animals need to be highly at tuned to social signals from others so that can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid. To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Loleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals form robotic rats.

　　They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat- one social and one asocial一for 5 our days. The robots rats were quite minimalist, resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels-to move around and colorful markings.

　　During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the same toys, and opened caged doors to let trapped rats escape. Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side

　　Next, the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a lever.

　　Across 18 trials each, the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one. This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being. They may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviours like communal exploring and playing. This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, says Quinn.

　　The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design. The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels.“We' d assumed we' d have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features, and put a scene on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasn’t necessary, ”says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped with the research.

　　The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come from basic robots. Similarly, children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings, even when they display only simple social signals.“ We humans seem to be fascinated by robots, and it turns out other animals are too,”says Wiles.

　　21. Quin and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats can________

　　[A] pickup social signals from non-living rats

　　[B] distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile one

　　[C] attain sociable traits through special training

　　[D] send out warning messages to their fellow

　　22. What did the social robot do during the experiment?

　　[A] It followed the social robot.

　　[B]It played with some toys.

　　[C] It set the trapped rats free.

　　[D]It moved around alone.

　　23. According to Quinn, the rats released the social robot because they________

　　[A] tried to practice a means of escape

　　[B] expected it to do the same in return

　　[C] wanted to display their intelligence

　　[D]considered that an interesting game

　　24. James Wiles notes that rats________

　　[A]can remember other rat's facial features

　　[B] differentiate smells better than sizes

　　[C] respond more to cations than to looks

　　[D]can be scared by a plastic box on wheels

　　25. It can be learned from the text that rats________

　　[A]appear to be adaptable to new surroundings

　　[B] are more socially active than other animals

　　C] behave differently from children in socializing

　　[D]are more sensitive to social cues than expected
答案解析

　　21. 【答案】A pick up social signals from non-living rats

　　解析：本題目為細(xì)節(jié)題，考察具體細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Quinn and her colleagues和a test定位到第一段第二句。To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Loleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats. 為了查明這是否延伸到了非生物，Quinn和她的同事測(cè)試了老鼠能否從機(jī)器老鼠身上探測(cè)到社會(huì)信號(hào)。正確答案A是原文的同義替換。選項(xiàng)B的distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile one區(qū)分友好的老鼠和敵對(duì)的老鼠，并未提及，是常識(shí)性干擾。選項(xiàng)C的attain sociable traits through special training通過(guò)特殊訓(xùn)練獲得社交品質(zhì)，原文并未提及，屬于無(wú)中生有。選項(xiàng)D的send out warning messages to their fellow向它們的同伴發(fā)出警告信息，原文并未提及，屬于無(wú)中生有。

　　22.【答案】D It moved around alone.

　　解析：本題目為細(xì)節(jié)題，考察具體細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞the asocial robot和experiment定位到第三段最后一句Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side.同時(shí)，不具有社交能力的機(jī)器人只能進(jìn)行簡(jiǎn)單的前后左右移動(dòng)。正確答案D It moved around alone.是原文的同義替換。選項(xiàng)A的It followed the social robot.它跟隨具備社交能力的老鼠，與原文the social robot rat followed the living rats around不符，原文說(shuō)的是具備社交能力的老鼠跟隨真老鼠，屬于張冠李戴。選項(xiàng)B的It played with some toys.它玩一些玩具，與原文不符，原文中說(shuō)的是具備社交能力的老鼠玩同樣的玩具，屬于張冠李戴。選項(xiàng)C的It set the trapped rats free.它釋放了被困的老鼠也與原文內(nèi)容不符，原文說(shuō)的同樣是具備社交能力的老鼠，而題干問(wèn)的是不具備社交能力的老鼠在實(shí)驗(yàn)中做了什么，屬于張冠李戴。

　　23.【答案】B expected it to do the same in return

　　解析：本題目為細(xì)節(jié)題，考察具體細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞Quinn和the rats released the social robots往下定位到第四五段，第五段最后一句This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, says Quinn. Quinn說(shuō)：這可能會(huì)讓老鼠更好地記住早些時(shí)候已經(jīng)釋放了機(jī)器人，并希望機(jī)器人在它們被困住時(shí)能回報(bào)它們的恩惠。正確答案B expected it to do the same in return是原文的同義替換。干擾項(xiàng)A的 tried to practice a means of escape試圖嘗試一種逃跑的方法，原文并未提及，屬于無(wú)中生有。選項(xiàng)C的 wanted to display their intelligence想要展示它們的智慧，文中并未提到，屬于無(wú)中生有。選項(xiàng)D的considered that an interesting game覺(jué)得是個(gè)有趣的游戲在原文當(dāng)中也沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)，屬于無(wú)中生有。

　　24.【答案】C respond more to actions than to looks

　　解析：本題目為細(xì)節(jié)題，考察具體細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞James Wiles定位到第六七段，尾段尾句We humans seem to be fascinated by robots, and it turns out other animals are too, says Wiles. Wiles說(shuō)：“我們?nèi)祟?lèi)似乎對(duì)機(jī)器人很著迷，事實(shí)證明其他動(dòng)物也很著迷�！痹俳Y(jié)合尾段前面部分的闡述，會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)正確答案C respond more to actions than to looks對(duì)行動(dòng)的反應(yīng)多于對(duì)外表的反應(yīng)，是原文的類(lèi)似表達(dá)。干擾項(xiàng)A的can remember other rat's facial features能夠記住其他老鼠的面部特征，與原文內(nèi)容不符，原文第六段說(shuō)的是假設(shè)賦予機(jī)器老鼠面部特征，那都不重要，屬于偷換概念。選項(xiàng)B的differentiate smells better than sizes與體型大小相比，能夠更好地區(qū)分氣味，原文中只提到賦予機(jī)器老鼠真老鼠的氣味，與原文不符，屬于偷換概念。選項(xiàng)D的can be scared by a plastic box on wheels會(huì)被裝有輪子的塑料盒子嚇壞，文中機(jī)器老鼠只是裝有輪子的塑料盒子，還是屬于偷換概念。

　　25.【答案】D are more sensitive to social cues than expected

　　解析：本題目為推斷題，考察基于全文主旨進(jìn)行推斷。題干并沒(méi)有具體關(guān)鍵詞，因此需要通過(guò)選項(xiàng)回到文中逐一對(duì)應(yīng)。正確答案D are more sensitive to social cues than expected對(duì)社交線索比預(yù)期更敏感，與原文尾段首句The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come from basic robots.(這一發(fā)現(xiàn)顯示了老鼠對(duì)社交暗示的敏感程度，即使是來(lái)自基本機(jī)器老鼠的社交暗示)屬于類(lèi)似表達(dá)。選項(xiàng)A的appear to be adaptable to new surroundings似乎能適應(yīng)新環(huán)境，在文中并未提及，屬于無(wú)中生有。選項(xiàng)B的are more socially active than other animals比其他動(dòng)物更活躍，文中只提到其他動(dòng)物也一樣會(huì)對(duì)機(jī)器人著迷，屬于偷換概念。干擾項(xiàng)C的behave differently from children in socializing在社交活動(dòng)中表現(xiàn)得與孩子不同，與原文內(nèi)容相反，原文內(nèi)容指的是孩子們傾向于把機(jī)器人當(dāng)作人來(lái)對(duì)待，即使他們只顯示簡(jiǎn)單的社會(huì)信號(hào)。這一點(diǎn)與老鼠是一樣的，屬于正反混淆。