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新概念英語第四冊(cè)Lesson26課文翻譯及詞匯

　　The past life of the earth

　　地球上的昔日生命

　　It is animals and plants which lived in or near water whose remains are most likely to be preserved, for one of the necessary conditions of preservation is quick burial, and it is only in the seas and rivers, and sometimes lakes, where mud and sit have been continuously deposited, that bodies and the can be rapidly covered over and preserved.

　　But even in the most favourable circumstances only a small fraction of the creatures that die are preserved in this way before decay sets in or, even more likely, before scavengers eat them. After all, all living creatures live by feeding on something else, whether it be plant or animal, dead or alive, and it is only by chance that such a fate is avoided. The remains of plants and animals that lived on land are much more rarely preserved, for there is seldom anything to cover them over. When you think of the innumerable birds that one sees flying bout, not to mention the equally numerous small animals like field mice and voles which you do not see, it is very rarely that one comes across a dead body, except, of course, on the roads. They decompose and are quickly destroyed by the weather or eaten by some other creature.

　　It is almost always due to some very special circumstances that traces of land animals survive, as by falling into inaccessible caves, or into an ice crevasse, like the Siberian mammoths, when the whole animal is sometimes preserved, as in a refrigerator. This is what happened to the famous Beresovka mammoth which was found preserved and in good condition. In his mouth were the remains of fir trees -- the last meal that he had before he fell into the crevasse and broke his back. The mammoth has now just a suburb of Los Angeles. Apparently what happened was that water collected on these tar pits, and the bigger animals like the elephants ventured out on to the apparently firm surface to drink, and were promptly bogged in the tar. And then, when they were dead, the carnivores, like the sabre-toothed cats and the giant wolves, came out to feed and suffered exactly the same fate. There are also endless numbers of birds in the tar as well.

　　ERROL WHITE The past life of the earth from Discovery

　　New words and expressions 生詞和短語

　　preservation

　　n. 保存

　　silt

　　n. 淤泥

　　scavenger

　　n. 食腐動(dòng)物

　　vole

　　n. 野鼠，鼴鼠

　　decompose

　　v. 腐爛

　　inaccessible

　　adj. 不能到達(dá)的

　　crevasse

　　n. 縫隙

　　Siberian

　　adj.西伯利亞的

　　palaeontological

　　adj. 古生物學(xué)的

　　St. Petersburg

　　n. 圣彼得堡

　　sabre-toothed

　　adj. 長著銳利的長牙

　　venture

　　v. 冒險(xiǎn)

　　bogged

　　adj. 陷入泥沼的，陷入要困境的

　　參考譯文

　　只有生活在水中或水邊的動(dòng)植物尸體有可能被保存下來，因?yàn)楸４娴谋匾獥l件之一是迅速掩埋，所以只有在泥沙不停淤積的海洋和江河里，有時(shí)在湖泊里，尸體之類的東西才能被迅速地覆蓋而保存下來。

　　即使是在有利的環(huán)境中，死去的生物中也只有一小部分能在開始腐爛前，或更可能在被食腐動(dòng)物吃掉之前，被這樣保存下來。因?yàn)橐磺猩�物都是靠吃別的東西來活命的，不管這種東西是植物還是動(dòng)物，死的還是活的，因此，生物偶爾才能避免被吃掉的命運(yùn)。曾在陸地上生活過的動(dòng)植物的遺體被保存下來的更為罕見，因?yàn)殛懙厣蠋缀鯖]有什么東西覆蓋它們。你可以想象出天上有看得見的飛來飛去、數(shù)不清的鳥，地上有不顯眼的無數(shù)的老鼠和田鼠之類的小動(dòng)物，但是，除非在路上，很少有人遇到這些動(dòng)物的尸體，因?yàn)樗鼈兏瘮≈�后很快就被風(fēng)化掉，或被別的動(dòng)物吃掉了。

　　幾乎總是由于某些特殊的條件，陸地動(dòng)物的遺體才被存下來，如掉進(jìn)難以到達(dá)的洞穴，或掉進(jìn)冰河裂縫里，或者像西伯利亞長毛象那樣掉進(jìn)冰窟中，有時(shí)整個(gè)動(dòng)物像被放在冰箱里一樣被保存下來，的那林索夫卡長毛象就是這樣被保存下來的，而且保存得很好。它嘴里還留著冷杉 -- 它掉進(jìn)冰河裂隙折斷脊椎柱之前的后一頓飯。這頭長毛象已被修復(fù)，現(xiàn)存于圣彼得堡古生物學(xué)博物館。有的動(dòng)物掉進(jìn)天然瀝清坑里被保存下來，如在蘭橋.拉.布里 -- 現(xiàn)在是洛杉磯的郊區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)的大象、劍齒虎和許多其他動(dòng)物。顯然，事情的經(jīng)過是這樣：瀝青坑里積存了水，大象那樣的大動(dòng)物冒險(xiǎn)到似乎堅(jiān)固的水面上去飲水，立即掉進(jìn)了瀝青坑。大象死后，一些食肉動(dòng)物，如劍齒虎和大灰狼就來吃大象，結(jié)果遭到了同樣的命運(yùn)。瀝青坑里還有無數(shù)只鳥的尸體。

新概念英語第四冊(cè)Lesson27課文翻譯及詞匯

　　The 'Vasa'

　　“瓦薩”號(hào)

　　What happened to the 'Vasa' almost immediately after she was launched?

　　From the seventeenth-century empire of Sweden, the story of a galleon that sank at the start of her maiden voyage in 1628 must be one of the strangest tales of the sea. For nearly three and a half centuries she lay at the bottom of Stockholm harbour until her discovery in 1956. This was the Vasa, royal flagship of the great imperial fleet.

　　King Gustavus Adolphus, 'The Northern Hurricane', then at the height of his military success in the Thirty Years' War, had dictated her measurements and armament. Triple gun-decks mounted sixty-four bronze cannon. She was intended to play a leading role in the growing might of Sweden.

　　As she was prepared of her maiden voyage on August 10, 1628, Stockholm was in a ferment. From the Skeppsbron and surrounding islands the people watched this thing of beauty begin to spread her sails and catch the wind. They had laboured for three years to produce this floating work of art; she was more richly carved and ornamented than any previous ship. The high stern castle was a riot of carved gods, demons, knights, kings, warriors, mermaids, cherubs; and zoomorphic animal shapes ablaze with rea and gold and blue, symbols of courage, power, and cruelty, were portrayed to stir the imaginations of the superstitious sailors of the day.

　　Then the cannons of the anchored warships thundered a salute to which the Vasa fired in reply. As the emerged from her drifting cloud of gun smoke with the water churned to foam beneath her bow, her flags colour, she presented a more majestic spectacle than Stockholmers had ever seen before. All gun-ports were open and the muzzles peeped wickedly from them.

　　As the wind freshened there came a sudden squall and the ship made a strange movement, listing to port. The Ordnance Officer ordered all the port cannon to be heaved to starboard to counteract the list, but the steepening angle of the decks increased. Then the sound of rumbling thunder reached the watchers on the shore, as cargo, ballast, ammunition and 400 people went sliding and crashing down to the port side of the steeply listing ship. The lower gun-ports were now below water and the inrush sealed the ship's fate. In that first glorious hour, the mighty Vasa, which was intended to rule the Baltic, sank with all flags flying-in the harbour of her birth.

　　New words and expressions 生詞和短語

　　galleon

　　n. 大型帆船

　　Stockholm

　　n. 斯德哥爾摩

　　flagship

　　n. 旗艦

　　imperial

　　adj. 帝國的

　　hurricane

　　n. 颶風(fēng)

　　armament

　　n. 軍械

　　triple

　　adj. 三層的

　　mount

　　v. 架有

　　bronze

　　n. 青銅

　　cannon

　　n. 加農(nóng)炮

　　參考譯文

　　1628年，一艘大帆船在處女航時(shí)就沉沒了，這個(gè)從容不迫7世紀(jì)瑞典帝國流傳至今的故事無疑是航海離奇的事件之一。這艘大船在斯德哥爾摩港口的海底躺了將近幾年來個(gè)世紀(jì)之后，直到1956年才被發(fā)現(xiàn)。這就是“瓦薩”號(hào)，帝國大艦的皇家旗艦。

　　當(dāng)時(shí)號(hào)稱“北方颶風(fēng)”的國王古斯夫斯.阿道爾弗正處在“三十年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)”的軍事鼎盛階段，他親自規(guī)定了這艘船的規(guī)模和武器配備。3層的火炮甲板上裝著眼點(diǎn)4門青銅加農(nóng)炮，目的就是要在不斷增長的瑞典勢(shì)力中起主導(dǎo)作用。

　　1628年8月10日，“瓦薩”號(hào)準(zhǔn)備首航時(shí)，斯德哥爾摩一片歡騰。人們從斯開波斯布朗和周圍的島嶼前來觀著這艘美麗的戰(zhàn)船揚(yáng)帆起航，乘風(fēng)前進(jìn)。瑞典人辛辛苦苦干了3年才建成這件水上藝術(shù)品，它比以往任何船只雕刻得都更加精美，裝飾得都更加華麗。高聳的船樓上雕刻了令人眼花繚亂的神仙、妖魔、騎士、國王、武士、美人魚和小天使，還有用紅色、金黃色、藍(lán)色繪制的光彩奪目的獸形圖案，象征著勇敢、力量和殘暴，以激起漢時(shí)崇尚迷信的水手們的想像。

　　這時(shí)，停泊在港口的其他戰(zhàn)船向“瓦薩”號(hào)鳴炮致禮，“瓦薩”號(hào)也鳴炮回禮。當(dāng)“瓦薩”號(hào)從彌漫的禮炮煙云中出現(xiàn)時(shí)，船頭下浪花加濺，艦旗迎風(fēng)招展，三角旗隨風(fēng)飄動(dòng)，微風(fēng)鼓起風(fēng)帆，金碧輝煌的船樓閃耀著燦爛的色彩�！巴咚_”號(hào)展現(xiàn)的壯觀景象是斯德哥爾摩人從未見過的。船上的炮眼開著，炮口虎視眈眈地向外窺視著。

　　當(dāng)風(fēng)力增強(qiáng)時(shí)，突然刮來一陣大風(fēng)，“瓦薩”號(hào)奇怪地?fù)u晃了一下，便向左舷傾斜。炮長命令把左舷上所有大炮搬到右舷上來以抵消船的傾斜，但甲板的傾斜度仍在增加。當(dāng)物口、壓艙物、彈藥和400個(gè)人轟地一聲滑向陡斜的左舷時(shí)，岸上的觀眾聽到了雷鳴般的轟響。下層炮眼已淹沒在水里，涌進(jìn)船艙的水給“瓦薩”號(hào)帶來了難以逃脫的厄運(yùn)。就這樣，想要統(tǒng)治波羅的海的大型戰(zhàn)艦“瓦薩”號(hào)，在它壯麗的起航時(shí)刻，帶著全身飄揚(yáng)的彩旗，沉沒在了它誕生的港口。

新概念英語第四冊(cè)Lesson28課文翻譯及詞匯

　　Patients and doctors

　　病人與醫(yī)生

　　This is a sceptical age, but although our faith in many of the things in which our forefathers fervently believed has weakened, our confidence in the curative properties of the bottle of medicine remains the same a theirs. This modern faith in medicines is proved the fact that the annual drug bill of the Health Services is mounting to astronomical figures and shows no signs at present of ceasing to rise. The majority of the patients attending the medical out-patients departments of our hospitals feel that they have not received adequate treatment unless they are able to carry home with them some tangible remedy in the shape of a bottle of medicine, a box of pills, or a small jar of ointment, and the doctor in charge of the department is only too ready to provide them with these requirements. There is no quicker method of disposing of patients then by giving them what they are asking for, and since most medical men in the Health Services are overworked and have little time for offering time-consuming and little-appreciated advice on such subjects as diet, right living, and the need for abandoning bad habits etc., the bottle, the box, and the jar are almost always granted them.

　　Nor is it only the ignorant and ill-educated person who was such faith in the bottle of medicine. It is recounted of Thomas Carlyle that when him in his pocket what remained of a bottle of medicine formerly prescribed for an indisposition of Mrs. Carlyle's. Carlyle was entirely ignorant of what the bottle in his pocket contained, of the nature of the illness from which his friend was suffering, and of what had previously been wrong with his wife, but a medicine that had worked so well in one form of illness would surely be of equal benefit in another, and comforted by the thought of the help he was bringing to his friend, he hastened to Henry Taylor's house. History does not relate whether his friend accepted his medical help, but in all probability he did. The great advantage of taking medicine is that it makes no demands on the taker beyond that of putting up for a moment with a disgusting taste, and that is what all patients demand of their doctors -- to be cured at no inconvenience to themselves.

　　New words and expressions 生詞和短語

　　sceptical

　　adj. 懷疑的

　　forefathers

　　n. 祖先

　　fervently

　　adv. 熱情地

　　curative

　　adj. 治病的

　　astronomical

　　adj. 天文學(xué)的

　　tangible

　　adj.實(shí)實(shí)在在的

　　remedy

　　n. 藥物

　　ointment

　　n. 藥膏

　　prescribe

　　v. 開藥方

　　indisposition

　　n. 小病

　　inconvenience

　　n. 令人討厭的

　　inconvenience

　　n. 不便

　　參考譯文

　　這是一個(gè)懷疑一切的時(shí)代，可是雖然我們對(duì)我們祖先篤信的許多事物已不太相信，我們對(duì)瓶裝藥品療效的信心仍與祖輩一樣堅(jiān)定。衛(wèi)生部門的處度藥費(fèi)上升到了天文數(shù)字，并且目前尚無停止上升的跡象，這個(gè)事實(shí)證實(shí)了現(xiàn)代人對(duì)藥物的依賴。在醫(yī)院門診部看病的大多數(shù)人覺得，如果不能帶回一些看得見、摸得著的藥物，如一瓶藥水，一盒藥丸、一小瓶藥膏回家的話，就沒算得到了充分的治療。負(fù)責(zé)門診的醫(yī)生也非常樂意為前來看病的人提供他們想要得到的藥物，病人要什么就給什么，沒有比這樣處理病人更快的方法了。因?yàn)樾l(wèi)生部門的大多數(shù)醫(yī)生超負(fù)荷工作，所以沒有多少時(shí)間提出一些既費(fèi)時(shí)而又不受人歡迎的忠告，如注意飲食、生活有規(guī)律，需要克服壞習(xí)慣等等，結(jié)果就是把瓶藥、盒藥、罐藥開給看病的人而完事大吉。

　　并不只是那些無知和沒受過良好教育的人才迷信藥瓶子。據(jù)說托馬斯.卡萊爾有過這么一件事：他聽說朋友亨利.泰勒病了，就立刻跑去看他，衣袋里裝上了他妻子不舒服時(shí)吃剩下的一瓶藥�？ㄈR爾不知道藥瓶子里裝的是什么藥，不知道他的朋友得的是什么病，也不知道妻子以前得的是什么病，只知道一種藥對(duì)一種病有好處，肯定對(duì)另一種病也會(huì)有好處。想到能對(duì)朋友有所幫助，他感到很欣慰，于是急急忙忙來到了亨利.泰勒的家里，他的朋友是否接受了他的藥物治療，歷史沒有記載，但很可能接受了。服藥的大優(yōu)點(diǎn)是：除了暫時(shí)忍受一下令人作嘔的味道外，對(duì)服藥人別無其他要求。這也正是病人對(duì)醫(yī)生的要求 -- 病要治好，但不要太麻煩。