二、關(guān)于考試一考試作文的寫作技巧與注意事項(xiàng)
基本功的訓(xùn)練和考分的提高是個(gè)水漲船高的過程。如果把平時(shí)的英語訓(xùn)練比做是做“自選動(dòng)作”的話,那么針對考試我們還要做一套“規(guī)定動(dòng)作”,即完全是根據(jù)考試作文的要求而進(jìn)行的練習(xí)。為此,我們需要知道的是:六級作文的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是什么(這好比是要先知道比賽規(guī)則)?通常會(huì)考什么類型的作文?怎么寫?又如何才能寫好呢?針對這些問題,我把我以下要寫的內(nèi)容分為這幾個(gè)部分:評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和作文的重要性,這幾年的?碱}型和范圍,六級作文總的寫法,拿高分的一些小技巧以及我的個(gè)人心得和體會(huì)。Are you ready?,Let's go!
(—)評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和作文的重要性?荚嚧笳搲
考試作文和平時(shí)練習(xí)的作文有所不同。因?yàn)楫吘故强荚囁杂袀(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的問題以便于評分,不能像平時(shí)練筆那般隨意。作文在六級考試中居于十分重要的地位。從1997年6月起,考試委員會(huì)在計(jì)算成績時(shí)正式實(shí)施“作文最低分”的規(guī)定,對寫作提出了更高的要求。其計(jì)算方法是將作文分的最低分定為6分,如果作文分為0,即使總分及格了也按59分處理,作文分在0—6分之間,其最后得分為:原計(jì)算總分-6+實(shí)得作文分。比如說你的總分原為63分,實(shí)得作文分為2,那么最后得分是63—6+2=59分。由于作文分?jǐn)?shù)太低使原本可以通過的考試變成要再考一年,實(shí)在是件很令人遺憾的事。這足見英語教學(xué)工作者對寫作的重視,也使我們在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中要注重實(shí)際英語能力的培養(yǎng)和提高。
六級考試作文采取總體評分的方法,閱卷老師根據(jù)文章的總體印象給分及獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)分,從文章的內(nèi)容和語言兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行綜合評判。這些都是我們在考前所要了解的考試要求,以便在考試中規(guī)范寫作?荚嚧(www.Examda。com)
(二)命題范圍。來源:考試大
我總結(jié)了一下我做的真題,1996年1月一2000年6月的作文題如下:
1996年1月:Why I Take the College English Test Band 67
1996年6月:Health Gains in Developing Countries?(有圖表)
1997年1月:Haste Makes Waste考試大論壇
1997年6月:My View on Job—hopping
1997年12月:My View on Fake Commodities
1998年6月:Do“Luck Numbers Really Bring Good Luck”?
1999年1月:Don’t Hesitate to Say“NO'’
1999年6月:Reading Selectively or Extensively?
2000年1月:How I Finance My College Education?
2000年6月:Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?
從這些考題中我們可以看出,近年來主要是以寫議論文為主,即個(gè)人對問題、觀點(diǎn)、現(xiàn)象等的看法,一般都是給出英語題目及中文提綱。我個(gè)人認(rèn)為,圖表題是其中難度的。它一般都是以較長時(shí)間內(nèi)的現(xiàn)象變化為寫作對象,對內(nèi)容的要求比較高,需要有一定的專業(yè)知識才能使文章顯得豐滿。應(yīng)用文如書信、簡歷等考的比較少,摘要這幾年也未出現(xiàn)過。命題范圍主要包括:
l、工作、學(xué)習(xí)方面來源:考試大
如:Why I Take the College English Test Band 6 ?
Reading SelectiveIy or Extensively?
How I Finance My College Education?
2、人生觀方面來源:考試大網(wǎng)
如:My View on Job—hopping
Don’t Hesitate to Say"NO'’
3、社會(huì)問題、文化方面http://ks.examda.com
如:Health Gains in Developing Countries?
My Views on Advertisement
How t0 Solve the Problem 0f Heavy Traffic
4、俗語、傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗
如:Haste Makes Waste
Do“Luck Numbers Really Bring Good Luck”?
5、科技與未來考試大(www.Examda。com)
如:Internet to Change Society
Looking Forward to the 21st Century (三)“三段式”的寫作。
我們常愛說考試作文像“八股文”。的確,在形式上是有些八股,但是這些規(guī)范又是我們所必須掌握的,因?yàn)槔蠋熅透鶕?jù)它來評分,也由不得你喜歡不喜歡。六級作文要求至少120個(gè)詞一般都是寫150~180個(gè)詞,大都是三到四段,因此我將其稱做是“三段式”的寫作,即不論什么題材都要有開頭、展開和結(jié)尾三部分。而且每個(gè)部分的寫法都有一定的套路,掌握了這些套路,就可以使你的文章看起來有條有理。當(dāng)然能不能拿高分就取決于你的內(nèi)容和形式是不是結(jié)合得很好,你對形式會(huì)不會(huì)靈活編排以避免呆板,你的內(nèi)容是不是充實(shí)豐富以避免單調(diào)?荚囎魑牡奶茁房梢越,內(nèi)容的填寫就要靠同學(xué)們自己在基本功訓(xùn)練階段的努力了。
1、Well begun is half done:考試大論壇
好的開始是成功的一半。文章的開頭是你留給閱卷老師的第一印象,所以這第一炮一定要打響才行,也就是說既清楚明白又引人注目。開頭是總領(lǐng)全文的,有一定的統(tǒng)攝性,因此一定要言簡意賅,不要寫得太長。關(guān)于開頭的寫法,傳統(tǒng)的方法有很多,比較常用的有:
1)開門見山。這一般都用于談及對某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)或現(xiàn)象的看法的文章,在文章的開頭就簡單的談出個(gè)人看法,然后在下文里展開論述。如:
A. The benefits of television: With the improvement of people’s living standard, almost every family can afford to buy a television set. Television is becoming increasingly popular because of its values in entertaining and educating.
B. Chinese people in my eye: The Chinese have a 5000 - year history, and modesty, industry, bravery, kindness are the flower of their virtues. In my opinion, they still remain true in reality.考試大論壇
2)引用名言。用名人名言或諺語開頭,往往比直接用個(gè)人的話更有說服力,也給文章增添色彩。當(dāng)然這要以廣泛的積累為基礎(chǔ),不然臨時(shí)可想不出來。在引用古語或名人名言的時(shí)候要注意引用的準(zhǔn)確性,如果把握不準(zhǔn)的話,不如不引用。http://ks.examda.com
A. Women are not treated equally with men: “we hold these truths to be self- evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable right...”, the American Declaration of Independence declares. While in china, everyone is familiar with the saying “women are equal with men” or “women can hold half of the sky”. It seems that men and women are treated equally, at least in law. But the reality is a different story.
B. Can money buy everything? As the saying goes” Money makes the mare go”, but there is something that can’ t be bought with money, such as time and true love.
3)自問自答。通過提問的方式引起讀者對文章的興趣,你可以在篇首就簡單給出答案,也可以將答案放到接下來的段落中。這一般都是用在作文題本身就是提問式或是
結(jié)論式的文章中。比如說Should people be always honest?Don’t hesitate to say“NO”!
A. What is a good student? Different people may have different answer to this question. Someone thinks that a good student should be good at academic work. Others claim that a good student should be one who is all round development of morality, intelligence and physique. But I think, in addition to the above mentioned, a good student, above all, should be capable of doing practical work, and must be competent in the future work.這是自問自答式的,在第一段中根據(jù)題目所給的問題,先寫出提示中的兩種觀點(diǎn),然后有連接詞but,提出自己不同的看法,使人對作者的意圖一目了然
B. “Reading makes a full man” is a saying of the famous English philosopher Francis Bacon. It means that anyone who wants to be a full man must keep on reading. But books are ot various kinds and different contents, dealing with different things in the world. Then what kind of book should we read? And how to read?這個(gè)開頭段我認(rèn)為是寫得很精彩的,因?yàn)樗皇羌兇獾陌斯墒綄懛āS妹蚤_頭,最后用問句點(diǎn)明主題。沒有按常規(guī)在開頭即交代兩種相反的觀點(diǎn),然后說as far as I am concerned…而是在認(rèn)識到讀書的重要性的前提下提出我們該讀什么樣的書和怎么讀,使文章在認(rèn)識上有一定的深度。
4)對比式。在命題作文中,它往往會(huì)給出一些提示,表明兩種不同的態(tài)度,再要求你寫出自己的看法。用這種開頭的方法要考慮一下整個(gè)文章的布局。如果你的主體是論述個(gè)人的看法而非別人的觀點(diǎn),那么在開頭就有必要交代一下對于這個(gè)問題目前存在的一些看法。比如以下的例
A,考題的提示是:有人說成功主要靠運(yùn)氣,有人則認(rèn)為成功主要靠勤奮,而與運(yùn)氣無關(guān)。你的觀點(diǎn)是什么?說明你的理由。這其實(shí)就是要你以你的理由為表達(dá)主體。如果按照作文提示要求是要把別人的觀點(diǎn)單獨(dú)成段的話,則不需要在開頭展開對雙方看法的論述,留到下面再說。如下面的
B,題目要求是:1、有人認(rèn)為業(yè)余時(shí)間應(yīng)多參加一些體育活動(dòng)。2、有人認(rèn)為業(yè)余時(shí)間應(yīng)多做一些智力活動(dòng),如讀書、看報(bào)、寫作等。3、我的看法。這就是要你將題目的要點(diǎn)單獨(dú)成段,所以在開頭就不用交代得太清楚,點(diǎn)到即可。
A. How to achieve success: Some people say that the key to success is the luck, while others claim it is hard work. There is no doubt that successful people take advantage of opportunities. But if he works little and just waits to see opportunities pass by, he still can’t succeed. So, in my opinion, diligence, devotion and perseverance are three fundamental factors to success.
B. How to spend spare time: Physical activities and intellectual pastimes are two basic ways for us to spend our spare time. Different people may have different means of spending their leisure time.
5)講故事。這種方法比較新穎,能使文章活潑有趣,但是要注意故事的長短。如果你整篇文章都要圍繞該故事展開,你的開頭即是故事的開頭。如果你僅是用其做個(gè)例子,就要寫得簡單清楚,往往可以是生活中常遇到的一些情景。
Most of us may have such experience: when you go to some place far away from the city where you live and think you know nobody there, you are surprised to find that you run into one of your old classmates on the street, perhaps both of you would cry out: “what a small world!”
6)數(shù)字開頭。這一般都是用于圖表題,將圖表顯示的數(shù)字先概括性的總結(jié)出來。然后再提出問題,給與分析和解答。
A.”Health gains in developing countries: It can be seen from the graph that health gains a lot in developing countries from 1960 to 1990. Their life expectancy increased 20 years, while the mortality decreased 10%. Why are there such big changes during the 30 years?
B. Changes in people’s daily expenses in the past five years: In the past five years, there have been great changes in people’s daily expenses in XX city. According to the figures given in the table, the amount of money spent on food decreased gradually, accounting for 35 percent in 1998. However, there was a rapid increase in clothing expenses, which made up 17% in 1998. In addition, the table shows an upward tendency in recreation expenses. The same was the case with other expenses.
劃線部分都是圖表題中常要用到的一些詞組和語句! 7)自創(chuàng)法。寫作有時(shí)是需要靈感的,考場上也會(huì)有靈感。這就看你對文字靈活運(yùn)用的能力了。比如說:Do"Luck Numbers Really Bring Good Luck?"碰到這樣的題,你可以用比較幽默的方式開場:If luck numbers really bring good luck, I needn’t to worry about my band 6 because the last four figure of my confirmation number is 6666. But what if the teacher who reads my paper doesn’t believe this? So it’s my exertion that determines my scores, not the numbers. It’ s the same in other situation.這樣寫老師一看就會(huì)會(huì)心一笑,自然認(rèn)同你的寫作水平了。
2、Make mistakes as few possible
這是對于中間段而言的。由于老師的閱卷過程十分緊張,因此往往是看了開頭看結(jié)尾,中間段沒有時(shí)間就不會(huì)很仔細(xì)地去看。但是對于錯(cuò)誤老師的眼睛是很敏感的。由于給分是采取總體印象法,因此盡量少犯不必要的語法錯(cuò)誤,這對于提高印象分是很重要的。在展開段的寫作中要盡量做到:
1)一定要有中心句。中間段一般也叫發(fā)展段,是用于發(fā)展、拓寬開頭段中揭示出的文章的主題的段落。可以是一個(gè)段落也可以是數(shù)個(gè),但在六級考試作文中一般都不超過兩到三個(gè)。它們從不同側(cè)面說明文章的主旨。在發(fā)展段中,它又是由中心句(topic sentence)、拓展句(development scntences)和結(jié)論句(concluding~ntence)組成的。例如:
How to solve the problem of heavy traffic.你可以先給出多種方案,如:Two solutions can be used to solve the problem.然后first、second分別進(jìn)行展開。也可以只提供一種思路并給出相應(yīng)的原因,如Many solutions to solving the problem of heavy traffic have been offered,among which I prefer opening up more bus lines to reducing the number of bicycles and cars.這是對于一個(gè)發(fā)展段而言的,兩個(gè)發(fā)展段的中心句則能互相呼應(yīng),句式也一致。如:
The happiness of reading books.兩個(gè)發(fā)展段的首句均為其中心句.也是作者在這兩段中分別要進(jìn)行論述的主題:Books are our friends.Books are teachers.
中心句是段落展開的邏輯起點(diǎn),一般為第一句話,因?yàn)榱壸魑牟⒉皇呛荛L,中心句擺在中間不利于老師把握你的邏輯脈絡(luò)。中心句一定要寫得簡單漂亮,尤其是對于議論文這一經(jīng)?嫉捏w裁,中心句都起著分論點(diǎn)的作用。對于給出提示的考題,一般它分段的提示就可以寫成一個(gè)中心句。這樣整個(gè)文章的骨架就支撐起來了。
2)注意文章布局的連貫。在寫好中心句后,要圍繞其做進(jìn)一步的闡述,把文字材料很好地組織起來,如:Why I take the college English test band 6?在發(fā)展段中第一句先表
明了作者的態(tài)度:I,however,want to take CET一6.First,taking CET - 6 is a new challenge to me, which encourages me to study English harder and further raise my English level. Secondly, taking CET-6 is helpful to my English study. It can test my real ability, can tell me where to improve, what to study. Finally, English is of importance to my future work. It is a very useful tool in the 21st century. Maybe it is safe to say that we can't do the work well without learning English well in the future.在這個(gè)展開段中,圍繞我要參加六級考試給出了三個(gè)理由,從不同的角度解釋我要參加六級考試的原因,連接詞的使用使得文章展開得很有條理,脈絡(luò)清晰。對于考試作文,這一點(diǎn)可以說是最重要的。你有好的理由和漂亮的句子,如果顯得雜亂無章,老師也是注意不到的。因?yàn)槲蚁惹耙蔡岬竭^,發(fā)展段往往是老師不會(huì)過于仔細(xì)閱讀的段落,所以你一定要把主要觀點(diǎn)用簡短的話明確地寫出來,而且要分點(diǎn)概括,注意好連接句的使用。如:
A. first,second,third…
B.To begin with,moreover,fmally…
C.for one thing,more important,last but not least…
D.meanwhile
E.since then
F.therefore
G.in addition
至于結(jié)論句,對于六級作文這樣的短篇文章,發(fā)展段中一般不會(huì)寫到,而是將其另做一段,寫成總的結(jié)尾。
3)常用的展開方法。六級考試作文雖然分有記敘文、描寫文、說明文、論述文等不同體裁,但是作文行文通常的展開方法總體有如下幾種:對比法、因果法、列舉法、概述法和議論法。根據(jù)不同的題材你可以選擇使用不同的展開方法,也可以同時(shí)使用幾種。對于敘述已發(fā)生的事情或描述景物、建筑、環(huán)境的文章,一般是按時(shí)間或空間的順序展開,這個(gè)類型比較簡單,而且在六級作文中我認(rèn)為并不常見,所以就不詳細(xì)介紹了。
A.對比法:對比法在段落的展開中是最常用的,就是將不同的現(xiàn)象、觀點(diǎn)、看法等進(jìn)行比較。對比的雙方可能是沒有利害沖突的,也可能是互相對立的。比如說my view on job—hopping,在提示中它就指出有些人喜歡始終從事一種工作,有些人喜歡經(jīng)常更換工作,要你通過對比不同的想法而得出自己對這個(gè)問題的看法,一般來說都是要你將兩種看法綜合一下,以適應(yīng)不同的情景。你可以說:有些工作需要長時(shí)間經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累才能有所成就,而且如果是興趣所在我會(huì)一直堅(jiān)持從事該項(xiàng)工作,比如記者;而就同種性質(zhì)的工作,長時(shí)間在一個(gè)環(huán)境里會(huì)喪失工作的積極性和了解全局的眼光。因此我也會(huì)適當(dāng)?shù)目紤]轉(zhuǎn)換工作環(huán)境,比如說仍然當(dāng)記者但換一家報(bào)社或電臺(tái)。還有一種對比法對比雙方是完全對立的,那一般是優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)的比較。比如“摩托車的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)”,然后讓你談?wù)剬ξ覈鞘心ν熊嚢l(fā)展前景的看法。在這種對比的展開中,結(jié)論一般都會(huì)有明顯的傾向性,當(dāng)然是揚(yáng)長避短。對比還可以將不同的事情進(jìn)行比較,以使抽象的東西變得淺顯易懂。比如“精讀和泛讀哪一種更好”,你可以說這好比飲食,要葷素搭配才能滿足身體對營養(yǎng)的不同需要,才能平衡健康。不同的是,讀書,吃的是精神糧食。又比如在“欲速則不達(dá)”中,將其和“慢功出細(xì)活”相比較,就突顯出耐心和毅力的重要。
B.因果法:這類作文一般都是先有個(gè)結(jié)論性的東西,然后讓你做進(jìn)一步的解釋和說明。如果是現(xiàn)象,則解釋現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因;如果是態(tài)度,則表明你為何選擇這種態(tài)度。你可以將理由分成幾條,也可以從不同的角度去進(jìn)行解釋。例如The career I pursume,我的提綱會(huì)是這樣:我理想的職業(yè)是做一個(gè)廣告創(chuàng)意人(這是結(jié)論),其原因有以下幾點(diǎn)(1)廣告是濃縮的藝術(shù),我喜歡動(dòng)感的畫面。(2)我喜歡以自己的努力促成別人改變態(tài)度觀念的成就感。(3)廣告是充滿挑戰(zhàn)和多變的行業(yè),很符合年輕人的口味。這種理由的劃分只要條理清晰,內(nèi)容是你取得高分的關(guān)鍵,即你給出的理由是不是有創(chuàng)意。老師在評卷的時(shí)候,成天看上百份試卷,容易疲勞,你寫的東西能否讓他眼前一亮呢?我舍友在上考研班的時(shí)候,告訴我一位老師曾舉過這樣一個(gè)例子:某年的考研作文題是鄉(xiāng)村和城市你選擇居住在哪里?一考生這樣寫到我選擇居住在離城市不遠(yuǎn)的郊區(qū)。我喜歡晨跑,在郊區(qū)我可以呼吸到最新鮮的空氣,可以一邊跑一邊看小河里的魚自由自在地游來游去。這在城市里是看不見的,城市里的水都被污染了……這個(gè)考生的作文在當(dāng)年是拿了很高的分的。原因就是他不落俗套又讓人覺得親切真實(shí)的寫法。其實(shí)你看,將真實(shí)的感情表達(dá)出來,是最容易打動(dòng)人的。當(dāng)然這是敞開式的作文題,如果是就圖表進(jìn)行分析的題目,則沒有多少感情可以抒發(fā)。
c.舉例法:舉例法也是最常用的展開方法。有些考題會(huì)明確指出要你舉例說明,其實(shí)除了考你的英語寫作能力,也是在考你平時(shí)是不是留心觀察日常生活中一些社會(huì)現(xiàn)象和問題。如Haste makes waste,題目中明確指出“試舉例說明”,你腦子里會(huì)出現(xiàn)什么事例呢?揠苗助長?我想很多人都會(huì)寫這個(gè),你有什么新鮮的?(你可以現(xiàn)在就想一想)再如:My view on the negative effects of some advertisements,要求之一是這些廣告的副作用。對此你又能舉出什么事例呢?所以這里還有一個(gè)訣竅就是,你可以多參加一些類似英語角的活動(dòng),因?yàn)樵谀抢锶藗兘涣鞯膬?nèi)容都十分豐富,無形中會(huì)積累到觀點(diǎn)和看法,還有一些你不知道的小故事和教訓(xùn),這些都可以給你的寫作提供豐富的素材。關(guān)于舉例法,我看過一篇很好的短文,它其實(shí)是通過自己的一段親身經(jīng)歷,了解到一個(gè)人生的道理,F(xiàn)在拿出來與各位分享:
Things Are Not Always Black or White
When I was in elementary school, I got into a major argument with a boy in my class. I have forgotten what the argo-ment was about, but I have never forgotten the lesson I learned that day.
I was convinced that I was right and he was wrong and he was just as convinced that I was wrong and he was right. The teacher decided to teach us a very important lesson. She brought us up to the front of the class and placed him on one side of her desk and me on the other. In the middle of the desk was a large, round object. I could clearly see that it was black. And she asked the boy what color the object was. “White,” he answered.
I couldn’ t believe he said the object was white, when it was obviously black! Another argumnent started between my classmate and me, this time about the color of the object.
The teacher told me to go and stand where the boy was standing and told him to come and stand where I was. We changed places, and now she asked me what the color of the object was. I had to answer, “white.” It was an object with two differently colored sides. At his side it was white but at my side it was black.
My teacher taught me a very important lesson that day: you must stand in the other person’ s shoes and look at the situation through their eyes in order to truly understand their perspective.
這個(gè)故事很簡單,但是當(dāng)我開始準(zhǔn)備寫這篇東西的時(shí)候我很快就想起要把它用到這里。雖然它很簡單,但很生動(dòng)也挺感人,你可以把它當(dāng)成一個(gè)人生小智慧去引用,也可以從另一個(gè)側(cè)面去贊揚(yáng)那些啟迪智慧的園丁。這就取決于你是站在哪個(gè)角度看問題了——沒有非黑即白的事情!不過在考試作文中,如果你要通過一個(gè)故事來說明道理,切記要把它寫得既簡單又明白,而且一定要寫有代表性的事例。來源:考試大網(wǎng)
D.概述法:一般用于先分后總的段落結(jié)構(gòu)中,即先給出原因再寫結(jié)果,或先列出現(xiàn)象再總結(jié)根源。它是就全文的布局而言的,一般概述性的文字都會(huì)出現(xiàn)在最后一段中,這在說明性的文章中比較多見。如下面這篇文章,題目是we need to broaden our knowledge,談的是拓寬知識面的必要性。通常說明必要性的文章都會(huì)用分、總的展開方法。先談科學(xué)技術(shù)是社會(huì)發(fā)展不可缺少的,然后指出社會(huì)科學(xué)和自然科學(xué)互相滲透,之后得出結(jié)論——現(xiàn)代大學(xué)生需要廣博的知識! e Need to Broaden Our Knowledge
Science and technology contributes a lot to the social development. Broadening our knowledge, we can use it to change our living environment, utilize natural resource, and create a beautiful and comfortable world for people to live in.
Both social science and natural science are important in our life. Man achieves social science through social life, which makes people know more about the society and themselves. It teaches people what the society should be and what they should do for the future.
As college students, we should learn as many kinds of knowledge as possible so that we can improve our life and society as well. Without rich knowledge, we can’t serve the society well. In order to meet the future needs, it is very important for us to learn more knowledge at the universities.
議論法其實(shí)是貫穿在各種體裁之中的,這里就不贅述了。前面三種方法在總、分、總的結(jié)構(gòu)中運(yùn)用較多,而且一般六級考試作文要求也是進(jìn)行總、分、總的論述,這樣更有條理性。概述法是相對來說比較偏重于歸納法的,這要根據(jù)不同的題目和要求來選擇不同的展開方法。
在主體段落的寫作中,要注意做到統(tǒng)一性、連貫性和簡潔性。中心句是為了保持文章思路的一致;用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接句排列好段落的布局,使文章連貫流暢;根據(jù)不同的題型選擇所需的展開方法,表達(dá)要盡量簡潔明白。除了以上這些需要做到的,在主體段落的寫作中還有一些需要避免出現(xiàn)的問題:
A. 低水平重復(fù)用詞:在文章的寫作中,我們常會(huì)有這樣的表現(xiàn),遇見表示喜歡,就只會(huì)用like,其實(shí)還有很多表示喜歡的詞,不要浪費(fèi)它們:prefer\enjoy\love\appreciate等等。還有在表達(dá)個(gè)人看法的時(shí)候,用來用去都是I think,其實(shí)I suppose\I guess\personally speaking,多樣化的用詞絕對可以提高你的得分率。英文報(bào)紙里可以找到你要的又新又實(shí)用的詞匯。我記得我六級考試作文是關(guān)于面試的,我在里面寫了這樣一句話:A successful interview is win—winone for both job—hunter and enaployer.成功的面試對于顧主和求職者而言是雙贏的。相信這樣的用詞一定會(huì)給老師一個(gè)好印象。 B.太過生僻的詞匯:像不用decrease\remove,而用abate。不用stop\pause而用cessation,不用home\house而用habitation,其實(shí)這樣做是沒有必要的,不要以為生僻的詞別人不用你用就是有特點(diǎn)。要以表達(dá)清楚句意和適合語境為主。生僻的詞運(yùn)用不好反而會(huì)鬧笑話。俚語是不用。因?yàn)橘嫡Z在英語中是十分口語化的東西,而且千變?nèi)f化。你理解的詞或句子老師也許都不明白,所以還是不用為妙。
C.句式單調(diào):有些同學(xué)為了拿高分,非要“語不驚人誓不休”。在臨場發(fā)揮的情況下,做到這點(diǎn)是比較難的。句子還是以簡單的短句為妙,即能多表達(dá)幾層意思,又能便于老師評判。那么如何在即使是同一個(gè)意思的表達(dá)下使句子顯得有特點(diǎn)一些呢?那就要考句式的變化了?聪旅孢@個(gè)例子,對“粗心駕駛易引起車禍”,可以有這樣一些不同的說法:
a.Traffic accidents are invited by careless driving.
b.Careless driving invites traffic accidents.
c.Anyone who drives carelessly is to invite traffic accidents.
d.Traffic accidents are what careless driving invites.
e.The fact that you drive carelessly invites traffic accidents.
你看,稍微換個(gè)外表會(huì)使你的文章更有趣味性和可讀性。
4)段落寫作中常用的套路。在各種類型的寫作中總是會(huì)有一定規(guī)律可循的,那就是句的的使用。記住一些實(shí)用的句型,在考試中可以提高行文速度。
A.說明原因的句型:a.There are some\two\many good reasons for\to do something.
e.g:a.There are two good reasons for the changes in the way that people communicate with each other.b.The reason for…is that
B.表示不同看法的句型:Some believe that…others argue that…still others maintain that…
eg:a.Some people hold the opinion that it i8 hood to live with parents.b.They
differ greatly in their attitude towards pollution problem.
C.辯論中常用的句型:
a.There is no doubt that…
b.It is obvious\clear that…
c.As is known to all…
d.It goes without saying that…
e.What is more important…
f.I am convinced that….
D.舉例表示法:for.example,for instance,let’s shave an example,a good case in point…
E.概述(用于圖表作文):
a.According to the figures given in the table…
b.This chart shows that…
c.As is shown by the graph…
d.It can be seen from the statistics that…
e.There is a slight\slow\rapid rise\increase、decrease\fall\drop in income\population\price\production… 3、wonderful ending,happy ending
結(jié)尾和開頭一樣都很重要。一般說來,老師閱卷都是看了開頭看結(jié)尾,如果兩頭都很精彩,中間又沒什么大錯(cuò),分?jǐn)?shù)自然就不低了。結(jié)尾一般都是對全文的概括,或是提出建設(shè)性的意見,或有所展望。常用的方法有: 1)概括總結(jié)。這是最一般的寫法,也是最保險(xiǎn)的。只要把你的意思?xì)w納一下即可,不過要注意用與上文中不同的句子或句型,稍顯變化。
2)以提問的方式結(jié)束。這是比較自信的寫法,因?yàn)槟阏J(rèn)為你一定能說服對方接受你的觀點(diǎn),因此明知故問,留有回味的感覺。如:As the reason listed above。why don’t you choose the public school for your child?
3)展望式結(jié)語。一般是針對目前需要改進(jìn)或還沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情或事物提出一種希望。如:In a word,TV adver.tisement,I think,is a newborn thing in the development 0f our economy.Of course,there is much room for improvement in TV ads,but I believe the TV ads will benefits both the advertisers and consumers.
4)口號式結(jié)語。對問題分析完之后,提出一種解決方法以供讀者參考,或是提出一種號召。這種結(jié)尾方法比較有感染力。如:Open your heart to your friends so that whether they are similar to or different from you.you may become the happiest man in the world.
5)引語式結(jié)語。同樣是以引語結(jié)束,但要注意,如果開頭使用了引語,結(jié)論部分不要再用。引語會(huì)增加結(jié)尾的說服力。
在結(jié)尾中常用到的句型有:
as a consequence,…www.Examda.CoM
in short.I firmly support the view that…
in a word…
in general…h(huán)ttp://ks.examda.com
as far as I am concerned…
I am sure my opinion is both sound and well grounded.
結(jié)尾的寫作要起到畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用,所以結(jié)尾的方法也不是惟一的,可以是兩種以上方法的綜合,這樣使你的結(jié)尾更有分量。Wonderful ending,happy ending!不是讓你寫個(gè)喜劇結(jié)局,而是說當(dāng)你寫完精彩的結(jié)尾后,考試的結(jié)果對你而言應(yīng)該是個(gè)happy ending!
至此,關(guān)于三段式寫作的方法就介紹完了。套路不少,但若是陷到這個(gè)套中文章不免會(huì)干澀呆板。所以還是那句話基本功才是最重要的。
(四)考場注意事項(xiàng) 1、作文時(shí)間為30分鐘。一定要合理分配,不要到時(shí)沒有收尾就交卷,那樣即使前面寫得再好分?jǐn)?shù)也不會(huì)高?吹筋}目,不要急著下手,先審題要緊。是什么體裁,有哪些要求要看清楚。
2、動(dòng)手寫個(gè)提綱,把主題句寫出即可,理清自己的思路。我的經(jīng)驗(yàn)是,每次都能在前面的詞匯題或別的題中發(fā)現(xiàn)我要的詞或句子。不要寫底稿,時(shí)間來不及。
3、對圖表題要特別留心,一定要看清提供給你的所有數(shù)據(jù),并對所給數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行橫向和縱向的雙向比較。在寫作過程中,不要把數(shù)據(jù)抄錯(cuò)。
4、字跡一定要清晰。雖然我平時(shí)寫英文都是連筆,但到了考試我一般都十分規(guī)矩地寫字母。不要讓老師看到你的卷子就覺得頭暈,你再美麗的文章都會(huì)白費(fèi)。
5、留出2~3分鐘檢查。有沒有錯(cuò)詞或病句,改的時(shí)候不要涂抹得太難看。 6、好了,你可以自信地交卷了。
基本功的訓(xùn)練和考分的提高是個(gè)水漲船高的過程。如果把平時(shí)的英語訓(xùn)練比做是做“自選動(dòng)作”的話,那么針對考試我們還要做一套“規(guī)定動(dòng)作”,即完全是根據(jù)考試作文的要求而進(jìn)行的練習(xí)。為此,我們需要知道的是:六級作文的評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是什么(這好比是要先知道比賽規(guī)則)?通常會(huì)考什么類型的作文?怎么寫?又如何才能寫好呢?針對這些問題,我把我以下要寫的內(nèi)容分為這幾個(gè)部分:評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和作文的重要性,這幾年的?碱}型和范圍,六級作文總的寫法,拿高分的一些小技巧以及我的個(gè)人心得和體會(huì)。Are you ready?,Let's go!
(—)評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和作文的重要性?荚嚧笳搲
考試作文和平時(shí)練習(xí)的作文有所不同。因?yàn)楫吘故强荚囁杂袀(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的問題以便于評分,不能像平時(shí)練筆那般隨意。作文在六級考試中居于十分重要的地位。從1997年6月起,考試委員會(huì)在計(jì)算成績時(shí)正式實(shí)施“作文最低分”的規(guī)定,對寫作提出了更高的要求。其計(jì)算方法是將作文分的最低分定為6分,如果作文分為0,即使總分及格了也按59分處理,作文分在0—6分之間,其最后得分為:原計(jì)算總分-6+實(shí)得作文分。比如說你的總分原為63分,實(shí)得作文分為2,那么最后得分是63—6+2=59分。由于作文分?jǐn)?shù)太低使原本可以通過的考試變成要再考一年,實(shí)在是件很令人遺憾的事。這足見英語教學(xué)工作者對寫作的重視,也使我們在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中要注重實(shí)際英語能力的培養(yǎng)和提高。
六級考試作文采取總體評分的方法,閱卷老師根據(jù)文章的總體印象給分及獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)分,從文章的內(nèi)容和語言兩個(gè)方面進(jìn)行綜合評判。這些都是我們在考前所要了解的考試要求,以便在考試中規(guī)范寫作?荚嚧(www.Examda。com)
(二)命題范圍。來源:考試大
我總結(jié)了一下我做的真題,1996年1月一2000年6月的作文題如下:
1996年1月:Why I Take the College English Test Band 67
1996年6月:Health Gains in Developing Countries?(有圖表)
1997年1月:Haste Makes Waste考試大論壇
1997年6月:My View on Job—hopping
1997年12月:My View on Fake Commodities
1998年6月:Do“Luck Numbers Really Bring Good Luck”?
1999年1月:Don’t Hesitate to Say“NO'’
1999年6月:Reading Selectively or Extensively?
2000年1月:How I Finance My College Education?
2000年6月:Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?
從這些考題中我們可以看出,近年來主要是以寫議論文為主,即個(gè)人對問題、觀點(diǎn)、現(xiàn)象等的看法,一般都是給出英語題目及中文提綱。我個(gè)人認(rèn)為,圖表題是其中難度的。它一般都是以較長時(shí)間內(nèi)的現(xiàn)象變化為寫作對象,對內(nèi)容的要求比較高,需要有一定的專業(yè)知識才能使文章顯得豐滿。應(yīng)用文如書信、簡歷等考的比較少,摘要這幾年也未出現(xiàn)過。命題范圍主要包括:
l、工作、學(xué)習(xí)方面來源:考試大
如:Why I Take the College English Test Band 6 ?
Reading SelectiveIy or Extensively?
How I Finance My College Education?
2、人生觀方面來源:考試大網(wǎng)
如:My View on Job—hopping
Don’t Hesitate to Say"NO'’
3、社會(huì)問題、文化方面http://ks.examda.com
如:Health Gains in Developing Countries?
My Views on Advertisement
How t0 Solve the Problem 0f Heavy Traffic
4、俗語、傳統(tǒng)習(xí)俗
如:Haste Makes Waste
Do“Luck Numbers Really Bring Good Luck”?
5、科技與未來考試大(www.Examda。com)
如:Internet to Change Society
Looking Forward to the 21st Century (三)“三段式”的寫作。
我們常愛說考試作文像“八股文”。的確,在形式上是有些八股,但是這些規(guī)范又是我們所必須掌握的,因?yàn)槔蠋熅透鶕?jù)它來評分,也由不得你喜歡不喜歡。六級作文要求至少120個(gè)詞一般都是寫150~180個(gè)詞,大都是三到四段,因此我將其稱做是“三段式”的寫作,即不論什么題材都要有開頭、展開和結(jié)尾三部分。而且每個(gè)部分的寫法都有一定的套路,掌握了這些套路,就可以使你的文章看起來有條有理。當(dāng)然能不能拿高分就取決于你的內(nèi)容和形式是不是結(jié)合得很好,你對形式會(huì)不會(huì)靈活編排以避免呆板,你的內(nèi)容是不是充實(shí)豐富以避免單調(diào)?荚囎魑牡奶茁房梢越,內(nèi)容的填寫就要靠同學(xué)們自己在基本功訓(xùn)練階段的努力了。
1、Well begun is half done:考試大論壇
好的開始是成功的一半。文章的開頭是你留給閱卷老師的第一印象,所以這第一炮一定要打響才行,也就是說既清楚明白又引人注目。開頭是總領(lǐng)全文的,有一定的統(tǒng)攝性,因此一定要言簡意賅,不要寫得太長。關(guān)于開頭的寫法,傳統(tǒng)的方法有很多,比較常用的有:
1)開門見山。這一般都用于談及對某個(gè)觀點(diǎn)或現(xiàn)象的看法的文章,在文章的開頭就簡單的談出個(gè)人看法,然后在下文里展開論述。如:
A. The benefits of television: With the improvement of people’s living standard, almost every family can afford to buy a television set. Television is becoming increasingly popular because of its values in entertaining and educating.
B. Chinese people in my eye: The Chinese have a 5000 - year history, and modesty, industry, bravery, kindness are the flower of their virtues. In my opinion, they still remain true in reality.考試大論壇
2)引用名言。用名人名言或諺語開頭,往往比直接用個(gè)人的話更有說服力,也給文章增添色彩。當(dāng)然這要以廣泛的積累為基礎(chǔ),不然臨時(shí)可想不出來。在引用古語或名人名言的時(shí)候要注意引用的準(zhǔn)確性,如果把握不準(zhǔn)的話,不如不引用。http://ks.examda.com
A. Women are not treated equally with men: “we hold these truths to be self- evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable right...”, the American Declaration of Independence declares. While in china, everyone is familiar with the saying “women are equal with men” or “women can hold half of the sky”. It seems that men and women are treated equally, at least in law. But the reality is a different story.
B. Can money buy everything? As the saying goes” Money makes the mare go”, but there is something that can’ t be bought with money, such as time and true love.
3)自問自答。通過提問的方式引起讀者對文章的興趣,你可以在篇首就簡單給出答案,也可以將答案放到接下來的段落中。這一般都是用在作文題本身就是提問式或是
結(jié)論式的文章中。比如說Should people be always honest?Don’t hesitate to say“NO”!
A. What is a good student? Different people may have different answer to this question. Someone thinks that a good student should be good at academic work. Others claim that a good student should be one who is all round development of morality, intelligence and physique. But I think, in addition to the above mentioned, a good student, above all, should be capable of doing practical work, and must be competent in the future work.這是自問自答式的,在第一段中根據(jù)題目所給的問題,先寫出提示中的兩種觀點(diǎn),然后有連接詞but,提出自己不同的看法,使人對作者的意圖一目了然
B. “Reading makes a full man” is a saying of the famous English philosopher Francis Bacon. It means that anyone who wants to be a full man must keep on reading. But books are ot various kinds and different contents, dealing with different things in the world. Then what kind of book should we read? And how to read?這個(gè)開頭段我認(rèn)為是寫得很精彩的,因?yàn)樗皇羌兇獾陌斯墒綄懛āS妹蚤_頭,最后用問句點(diǎn)明主題。沒有按常規(guī)在開頭即交代兩種相反的觀點(diǎn),然后說as far as I am concerned…而是在認(rèn)識到讀書的重要性的前提下提出我們該讀什么樣的書和怎么讀,使文章在認(rèn)識上有一定的深度。
4)對比式。在命題作文中,它往往會(huì)給出一些提示,表明兩種不同的態(tài)度,再要求你寫出自己的看法。用這種開頭的方法要考慮一下整個(gè)文章的布局。如果你的主體是論述個(gè)人的看法而非別人的觀點(diǎn),那么在開頭就有必要交代一下對于這個(gè)問題目前存在的一些看法。比如以下的例
A,考題的提示是:有人說成功主要靠運(yùn)氣,有人則認(rèn)為成功主要靠勤奮,而與運(yùn)氣無關(guān)。你的觀點(diǎn)是什么?說明你的理由。這其實(shí)就是要你以你的理由為表達(dá)主體。如果按照作文提示要求是要把別人的觀點(diǎn)單獨(dú)成段的話,則不需要在開頭展開對雙方看法的論述,留到下面再說。如下面的
B,題目要求是:1、有人認(rèn)為業(yè)余時(shí)間應(yīng)多參加一些體育活動(dòng)。2、有人認(rèn)為業(yè)余時(shí)間應(yīng)多做一些智力活動(dòng),如讀書、看報(bào)、寫作等。3、我的看法。這就是要你將題目的要點(diǎn)單獨(dú)成段,所以在開頭就不用交代得太清楚,點(diǎn)到即可。
A. How to achieve success: Some people say that the key to success is the luck, while others claim it is hard work. There is no doubt that successful people take advantage of opportunities. But if he works little and just waits to see opportunities pass by, he still can’t succeed. So, in my opinion, diligence, devotion and perseverance are three fundamental factors to success.
B. How to spend spare time: Physical activities and intellectual pastimes are two basic ways for us to spend our spare time. Different people may have different means of spending their leisure time.
5)講故事。這種方法比較新穎,能使文章活潑有趣,但是要注意故事的長短。如果你整篇文章都要圍繞該故事展開,你的開頭即是故事的開頭。如果你僅是用其做個(gè)例子,就要寫得簡單清楚,往往可以是生活中常遇到的一些情景。
Most of us may have such experience: when you go to some place far away from the city where you live and think you know nobody there, you are surprised to find that you run into one of your old classmates on the street, perhaps both of you would cry out: “what a small world!”
6)數(shù)字開頭。這一般都是用于圖表題,將圖表顯示的數(shù)字先概括性的總結(jié)出來。然后再提出問題,給與分析和解答。
A.”Health gains in developing countries: It can be seen from the graph that health gains a lot in developing countries from 1960 to 1990. Their life expectancy increased 20 years, while the mortality decreased 10%. Why are there such big changes during the 30 years?
B. Changes in people’s daily expenses in the past five years: In the past five years, there have been great changes in people’s daily expenses in XX city. According to the figures given in the table, the amount of money spent on food decreased gradually, accounting for 35 percent in 1998. However, there was a rapid increase in clothing expenses, which made up 17% in 1998. In addition, the table shows an upward tendency in recreation expenses. The same was the case with other expenses.
劃線部分都是圖表題中常要用到的一些詞組和語句! 7)自創(chuàng)法。寫作有時(shí)是需要靈感的,考場上也會(huì)有靈感。這就看你對文字靈活運(yùn)用的能力了。比如說:Do"Luck Numbers Really Bring Good Luck?"碰到這樣的題,你可以用比較幽默的方式開場:If luck numbers really bring good luck, I needn’t to worry about my band 6 because the last four figure of my confirmation number is 6666. But what if the teacher who reads my paper doesn’t believe this? So it’s my exertion that determines my scores, not the numbers. It’ s the same in other situation.這樣寫老師一看就會(huì)會(huì)心一笑,自然認(rèn)同你的寫作水平了。
2、Make mistakes as few possible
這是對于中間段而言的。由于老師的閱卷過程十分緊張,因此往往是看了開頭看結(jié)尾,中間段沒有時(shí)間就不會(huì)很仔細(xì)地去看。但是對于錯(cuò)誤老師的眼睛是很敏感的。由于給分是采取總體印象法,因此盡量少犯不必要的語法錯(cuò)誤,這對于提高印象分是很重要的。在展開段的寫作中要盡量做到:
1)一定要有中心句。中間段一般也叫發(fā)展段,是用于發(fā)展、拓寬開頭段中揭示出的文章的主題的段落。可以是一個(gè)段落也可以是數(shù)個(gè),但在六級考試作文中一般都不超過兩到三個(gè)。它們從不同側(cè)面說明文章的主旨。在發(fā)展段中,它又是由中心句(topic sentence)、拓展句(development scntences)和結(jié)論句(concluding~ntence)組成的。例如:
How to solve the problem of heavy traffic.你可以先給出多種方案,如:Two solutions can be used to solve the problem.然后first、second分別進(jìn)行展開。也可以只提供一種思路并給出相應(yīng)的原因,如Many solutions to solving the problem of heavy traffic have been offered,among which I prefer opening up more bus lines to reducing the number of bicycles and cars.這是對于一個(gè)發(fā)展段而言的,兩個(gè)發(fā)展段的中心句則能互相呼應(yīng),句式也一致。如:
The happiness of reading books.兩個(gè)發(fā)展段的首句均為其中心句.也是作者在這兩段中分別要進(jìn)行論述的主題:Books are our friends.Books are teachers.
中心句是段落展開的邏輯起點(diǎn),一般為第一句話,因?yàn)榱壸魑牟⒉皇呛荛L,中心句擺在中間不利于老師把握你的邏輯脈絡(luò)。中心句一定要寫得簡單漂亮,尤其是對于議論文這一經(jīng)?嫉捏w裁,中心句都起著分論點(diǎn)的作用。對于給出提示的考題,一般它分段的提示就可以寫成一個(gè)中心句。這樣整個(gè)文章的骨架就支撐起來了。
2)注意文章布局的連貫。在寫好中心句后,要圍繞其做進(jìn)一步的闡述,把文字材料很好地組織起來,如:Why I take the college English test band 6?在發(fā)展段中第一句先表
明了作者的態(tài)度:I,however,want to take CET一6.First,taking CET - 6 is a new challenge to me, which encourages me to study English harder and further raise my English level. Secondly, taking CET-6 is helpful to my English study. It can test my real ability, can tell me where to improve, what to study. Finally, English is of importance to my future work. It is a very useful tool in the 21st century. Maybe it is safe to say that we can't do the work well without learning English well in the future.在這個(gè)展開段中,圍繞我要參加六級考試給出了三個(gè)理由,從不同的角度解釋我要參加六級考試的原因,連接詞的使用使得文章展開得很有條理,脈絡(luò)清晰。對于考試作文,這一點(diǎn)可以說是最重要的。你有好的理由和漂亮的句子,如果顯得雜亂無章,老師也是注意不到的。因?yàn)槲蚁惹耙蔡岬竭^,發(fā)展段往往是老師不會(huì)過于仔細(xì)閱讀的段落,所以你一定要把主要觀點(diǎn)用簡短的話明確地寫出來,而且要分點(diǎn)概括,注意好連接句的使用。如:
A. first,second,third…
B.To begin with,moreover,fmally…
C.for one thing,more important,last but not least…
D.meanwhile
E.since then
F.therefore
G.in addition
至于結(jié)論句,對于六級作文這樣的短篇文章,發(fā)展段中一般不會(huì)寫到,而是將其另做一段,寫成總的結(jié)尾。
3)常用的展開方法。六級考試作文雖然分有記敘文、描寫文、說明文、論述文等不同體裁,但是作文行文通常的展開方法總體有如下幾種:對比法、因果法、列舉法、概述法和議論法。根據(jù)不同的題材你可以選擇使用不同的展開方法,也可以同時(shí)使用幾種。對于敘述已發(fā)生的事情或描述景物、建筑、環(huán)境的文章,一般是按時(shí)間或空間的順序展開,這個(gè)類型比較簡單,而且在六級作文中我認(rèn)為并不常見,所以就不詳細(xì)介紹了。
A.對比法:對比法在段落的展開中是最常用的,就是將不同的現(xiàn)象、觀點(diǎn)、看法等進(jìn)行比較。對比的雙方可能是沒有利害沖突的,也可能是互相對立的。比如說my view on job—hopping,在提示中它就指出有些人喜歡始終從事一種工作,有些人喜歡經(jīng)常更換工作,要你通過對比不同的想法而得出自己對這個(gè)問題的看法,一般來說都是要你將兩種看法綜合一下,以適應(yīng)不同的情景。你可以說:有些工作需要長時(shí)間經(jīng)驗(yàn)的積累才能有所成就,而且如果是興趣所在我會(huì)一直堅(jiān)持從事該項(xiàng)工作,比如記者;而就同種性質(zhì)的工作,長時(shí)間在一個(gè)環(huán)境里會(huì)喪失工作的積極性和了解全局的眼光。因此我也會(huì)適當(dāng)?shù)目紤]轉(zhuǎn)換工作環(huán)境,比如說仍然當(dāng)記者但換一家報(bào)社或電臺(tái)。還有一種對比法對比雙方是完全對立的,那一般是優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)的比較。比如“摩托車的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)”,然后讓你談?wù)剬ξ覈鞘心ν熊嚢l(fā)展前景的看法。在這種對比的展開中,結(jié)論一般都會(huì)有明顯的傾向性,當(dāng)然是揚(yáng)長避短。對比還可以將不同的事情進(jìn)行比較,以使抽象的東西變得淺顯易懂。比如“精讀和泛讀哪一種更好”,你可以說這好比飲食,要葷素搭配才能滿足身體對營養(yǎng)的不同需要,才能平衡健康。不同的是,讀書,吃的是精神糧食。又比如在“欲速則不達(dá)”中,將其和“慢功出細(xì)活”相比較,就突顯出耐心和毅力的重要。
B.因果法:這類作文一般都是先有個(gè)結(jié)論性的東西,然后讓你做進(jìn)一步的解釋和說明。如果是現(xiàn)象,則解釋現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因;如果是態(tài)度,則表明你為何選擇這種態(tài)度。你可以將理由分成幾條,也可以從不同的角度去進(jìn)行解釋。例如The career I pursume,我的提綱會(huì)是這樣:我理想的職業(yè)是做一個(gè)廣告創(chuàng)意人(這是結(jié)論),其原因有以下幾點(diǎn)(1)廣告是濃縮的藝術(shù),我喜歡動(dòng)感的畫面。(2)我喜歡以自己的努力促成別人改變態(tài)度觀念的成就感。(3)廣告是充滿挑戰(zhàn)和多變的行業(yè),很符合年輕人的口味。這種理由的劃分只要條理清晰,內(nèi)容是你取得高分的關(guān)鍵,即你給出的理由是不是有創(chuàng)意。老師在評卷的時(shí)候,成天看上百份試卷,容易疲勞,你寫的東西能否讓他眼前一亮呢?我舍友在上考研班的時(shí)候,告訴我一位老師曾舉過這樣一個(gè)例子:某年的考研作文題是鄉(xiāng)村和城市你選擇居住在哪里?一考生這樣寫到我選擇居住在離城市不遠(yuǎn)的郊區(qū)。我喜歡晨跑,在郊區(qū)我可以呼吸到最新鮮的空氣,可以一邊跑一邊看小河里的魚自由自在地游來游去。這在城市里是看不見的,城市里的水都被污染了……這個(gè)考生的作文在當(dāng)年是拿了很高的分的。原因就是他不落俗套又讓人覺得親切真實(shí)的寫法。其實(shí)你看,將真實(shí)的感情表達(dá)出來,是最容易打動(dòng)人的。當(dāng)然這是敞開式的作文題,如果是就圖表進(jìn)行分析的題目,則沒有多少感情可以抒發(fā)。
c.舉例法:舉例法也是最常用的展開方法。有些考題會(huì)明確指出要你舉例說明,其實(shí)除了考你的英語寫作能力,也是在考你平時(shí)是不是留心觀察日常生活中一些社會(huì)現(xiàn)象和問題。如Haste makes waste,題目中明確指出“試舉例說明”,你腦子里會(huì)出現(xiàn)什么事例呢?揠苗助長?我想很多人都會(huì)寫這個(gè),你有什么新鮮的?(你可以現(xiàn)在就想一想)再如:My view on the negative effects of some advertisements,要求之一是這些廣告的副作用。對此你又能舉出什么事例呢?所以這里還有一個(gè)訣竅就是,你可以多參加一些類似英語角的活動(dòng),因?yàn)樵谀抢锶藗兘涣鞯膬?nèi)容都十分豐富,無形中會(huì)積累到觀點(diǎn)和看法,還有一些你不知道的小故事和教訓(xùn),這些都可以給你的寫作提供豐富的素材。關(guān)于舉例法,我看過一篇很好的短文,它其實(shí)是通過自己的一段親身經(jīng)歷,了解到一個(gè)人生的道理,F(xiàn)在拿出來與各位分享:
Things Are Not Always Black or White
When I was in elementary school, I got into a major argument with a boy in my class. I have forgotten what the argo-ment was about, but I have never forgotten the lesson I learned that day.
I was convinced that I was right and he was wrong and he was just as convinced that I was wrong and he was right. The teacher decided to teach us a very important lesson. She brought us up to the front of the class and placed him on one side of her desk and me on the other. In the middle of the desk was a large, round object. I could clearly see that it was black. And she asked the boy what color the object was. “White,” he answered.
I couldn’ t believe he said the object was white, when it was obviously black! Another argumnent started between my classmate and me, this time about the color of the object.
The teacher told me to go and stand where the boy was standing and told him to come and stand where I was. We changed places, and now she asked me what the color of the object was. I had to answer, “white.” It was an object with two differently colored sides. At his side it was white but at my side it was black.
My teacher taught me a very important lesson that day: you must stand in the other person’ s shoes and look at the situation through their eyes in order to truly understand their perspective.
這個(gè)故事很簡單,但是當(dāng)我開始準(zhǔn)備寫這篇東西的時(shí)候我很快就想起要把它用到這里。雖然它很簡單,但很生動(dòng)也挺感人,你可以把它當(dāng)成一個(gè)人生小智慧去引用,也可以從另一個(gè)側(cè)面去贊揚(yáng)那些啟迪智慧的園丁。這就取決于你是站在哪個(gè)角度看問題了——沒有非黑即白的事情!不過在考試作文中,如果你要通過一個(gè)故事來說明道理,切記要把它寫得既簡單又明白,而且一定要寫有代表性的事例。來源:考試大網(wǎng)
D.概述法:一般用于先分后總的段落結(jié)構(gòu)中,即先給出原因再寫結(jié)果,或先列出現(xiàn)象再總結(jié)根源。它是就全文的布局而言的,一般概述性的文字都會(huì)出現(xiàn)在最后一段中,這在說明性的文章中比較多見。如下面這篇文章,題目是we need to broaden our knowledge,談的是拓寬知識面的必要性。通常說明必要性的文章都會(huì)用分、總的展開方法。先談科學(xué)技術(shù)是社會(huì)發(fā)展不可缺少的,然后指出社會(huì)科學(xué)和自然科學(xué)互相滲透,之后得出結(jié)論——現(xiàn)代大學(xué)生需要廣博的知識! e Need to Broaden Our Knowledge
Science and technology contributes a lot to the social development. Broadening our knowledge, we can use it to change our living environment, utilize natural resource, and create a beautiful and comfortable world for people to live in.
Both social science and natural science are important in our life. Man achieves social science through social life, which makes people know more about the society and themselves. It teaches people what the society should be and what they should do for the future.
As college students, we should learn as many kinds of knowledge as possible so that we can improve our life and society as well. Without rich knowledge, we can’t serve the society well. In order to meet the future needs, it is very important for us to learn more knowledge at the universities.
議論法其實(shí)是貫穿在各種體裁之中的,這里就不贅述了。前面三種方法在總、分、總的結(jié)構(gòu)中運(yùn)用較多,而且一般六級考試作文要求也是進(jìn)行總、分、總的論述,這樣更有條理性。概述法是相對來說比較偏重于歸納法的,這要根據(jù)不同的題目和要求來選擇不同的展開方法。
在主體段落的寫作中,要注意做到統(tǒng)一性、連貫性和簡潔性。中心句是為了保持文章思路的一致;用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接句排列好段落的布局,使文章連貫流暢;根據(jù)不同的題型選擇所需的展開方法,表達(dá)要盡量簡潔明白。除了以上這些需要做到的,在主體段落的寫作中還有一些需要避免出現(xiàn)的問題:
A. 低水平重復(fù)用詞:在文章的寫作中,我們常會(huì)有這樣的表現(xiàn),遇見表示喜歡,就只會(huì)用like,其實(shí)還有很多表示喜歡的詞,不要浪費(fèi)它們:prefer\enjoy\love\appreciate等等。還有在表達(dá)個(gè)人看法的時(shí)候,用來用去都是I think,其實(shí)I suppose\I guess\personally speaking,多樣化的用詞絕對可以提高你的得分率。英文報(bào)紙里可以找到你要的又新又實(shí)用的詞匯。我記得我六級考試作文是關(guān)于面試的,我在里面寫了這樣一句話:A successful interview is win—winone for both job—hunter and enaployer.成功的面試對于顧主和求職者而言是雙贏的。相信這樣的用詞一定會(huì)給老師一個(gè)好印象。 B.太過生僻的詞匯:像不用decrease\remove,而用abate。不用stop\pause而用cessation,不用home\house而用habitation,其實(shí)這樣做是沒有必要的,不要以為生僻的詞別人不用你用就是有特點(diǎn)。要以表達(dá)清楚句意和適合語境為主。生僻的詞運(yùn)用不好反而會(huì)鬧笑話。俚語是不用。因?yàn)橘嫡Z在英語中是十分口語化的東西,而且千變?nèi)f化。你理解的詞或句子老師也許都不明白,所以還是不用為妙。
C.句式單調(diào):有些同學(xué)為了拿高分,非要“語不驚人誓不休”。在臨場發(fā)揮的情況下,做到這點(diǎn)是比較難的。句子還是以簡單的短句為妙,即能多表達(dá)幾層意思,又能便于老師評判。那么如何在即使是同一個(gè)意思的表達(dá)下使句子顯得有特點(diǎn)一些呢?那就要考句式的變化了?聪旅孢@個(gè)例子,對“粗心駕駛易引起車禍”,可以有這樣一些不同的說法:
a.Traffic accidents are invited by careless driving.
b.Careless driving invites traffic accidents.
c.Anyone who drives carelessly is to invite traffic accidents.
d.Traffic accidents are what careless driving invites.
e.The fact that you drive carelessly invites traffic accidents.
你看,稍微換個(gè)外表會(huì)使你的文章更有趣味性和可讀性。
4)段落寫作中常用的套路。在各種類型的寫作中總是會(huì)有一定規(guī)律可循的,那就是句的的使用。記住一些實(shí)用的句型,在考試中可以提高行文速度。
A.說明原因的句型:a.There are some\two\many good reasons for\to do something.
e.g:a.There are two good reasons for the changes in the way that people communicate with each other.b.The reason for…is that
B.表示不同看法的句型:Some believe that…others argue that…still others maintain that…
eg:a.Some people hold the opinion that it i8 hood to live with parents.b.They
differ greatly in their attitude towards pollution problem.
C.辯論中常用的句型:
a.There is no doubt that…
b.It is obvious\clear that…
c.As is known to all…
d.It goes without saying that…
e.What is more important…
f.I am convinced that….
D.舉例表示法:for.example,for instance,let’s shave an example,a good case in point…
E.概述(用于圖表作文):
a.According to the figures given in the table…
b.This chart shows that…
c.As is shown by the graph…
d.It can be seen from the statistics that…
e.There is a slight\slow\rapid rise\increase、decrease\fall\drop in income\population\price\production… 3、wonderful ending,happy ending
結(jié)尾和開頭一樣都很重要。一般說來,老師閱卷都是看了開頭看結(jié)尾,如果兩頭都很精彩,中間又沒什么大錯(cuò),分?jǐn)?shù)自然就不低了。結(jié)尾一般都是對全文的概括,或是提出建設(shè)性的意見,或有所展望。常用的方法有: 1)概括總結(jié)。這是最一般的寫法,也是最保險(xiǎn)的。只要把你的意思?xì)w納一下即可,不過要注意用與上文中不同的句子或句型,稍顯變化。
2)以提問的方式結(jié)束。這是比較自信的寫法,因?yàn)槟阏J(rèn)為你一定能說服對方接受你的觀點(diǎn),因此明知故問,留有回味的感覺。如:As the reason listed above。why don’t you choose the public school for your child?
3)展望式結(jié)語。一般是針對目前需要改進(jìn)或還沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的事情或事物提出一種希望。如:In a word,TV adver.tisement,I think,is a newborn thing in the development 0f our economy.Of course,there is much room for improvement in TV ads,but I believe the TV ads will benefits both the advertisers and consumers.
4)口號式結(jié)語。對問題分析完之后,提出一種解決方法以供讀者參考,或是提出一種號召。這種結(jié)尾方法比較有感染力。如:Open your heart to your friends so that whether they are similar to or different from you.you may become the happiest man in the world.
5)引語式結(jié)語。同樣是以引語結(jié)束,但要注意,如果開頭使用了引語,結(jié)論部分不要再用。引語會(huì)增加結(jié)尾的說服力。
在結(jié)尾中常用到的句型有:
as a consequence,…www.Examda.CoM
in short.I firmly support the view that…
in a word…
in general…h(huán)ttp://ks.examda.com
as far as I am concerned…
I am sure my opinion is both sound and well grounded.
結(jié)尾的寫作要起到畫龍點(diǎn)睛的作用,所以結(jié)尾的方法也不是惟一的,可以是兩種以上方法的綜合,這樣使你的結(jié)尾更有分量。Wonderful ending,happy ending!不是讓你寫個(gè)喜劇結(jié)局,而是說當(dāng)你寫完精彩的結(jié)尾后,考試的結(jié)果對你而言應(yīng)該是個(gè)happy ending!
至此,關(guān)于三段式寫作的方法就介紹完了。套路不少,但若是陷到這個(gè)套中文章不免會(huì)干澀呆板。所以還是那句話基本功才是最重要的。
(四)考場注意事項(xiàng) 1、作文時(shí)間為30分鐘。一定要合理分配,不要到時(shí)沒有收尾就交卷,那樣即使前面寫得再好分?jǐn)?shù)也不會(huì)高?吹筋}目,不要急著下手,先審題要緊。是什么體裁,有哪些要求要看清楚。
2、動(dòng)手寫個(gè)提綱,把主題句寫出即可,理清自己的思路。我的經(jīng)驗(yàn)是,每次都能在前面的詞匯題或別的題中發(fā)現(xiàn)我要的詞或句子。不要寫底稿,時(shí)間來不及。
3、對圖表題要特別留心,一定要看清提供給你的所有數(shù)據(jù),并對所給數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行橫向和縱向的雙向比較。在寫作過程中,不要把數(shù)據(jù)抄錯(cuò)。
4、字跡一定要清晰。雖然我平時(shí)寫英文都是連筆,但到了考試我一般都十分規(guī)矩地寫字母。不要讓老師看到你的卷子就覺得頭暈,你再美麗的文章都會(huì)白費(fèi)。
5、留出2~3分鐘檢查。有沒有錯(cuò)詞或病句,改的時(shí)候不要涂抹得太難看。 6、好了,你可以自信地交卷了。