必修5 Unit1 Great scientists
Part 1. Warming up
1. explain 及物動(dòng)詞（vt.）
解釋;說(shuō)明;闡明[(+to)][+wh-][+(that)]
He explained that he had been cheated. 他解釋說(shuō)他是上當(dāng)受騙了。
Can you explain how the machine operates?你能解釋一下這機(jī)器是如何運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的嗎?
Please explain this rule to me.請(qǐng)給我講解一下這條規(guī)則。
不及物動(dòng)詞（vi.）解釋;說(shuō)明;辯解
I've got to explain about it. 我得解釋一下此事。
2. characteristic
n. 特征；特性 Kindness is one of his characteristics.
adj. 獨(dú)特的 I heard my friend’s characteristic laugh.
be characteristic of sb./sth. 是.....的特性
Such bluntness is characteristic of hin. 如此遲鈍是他的特性。
3. Who put forward a theory about black holes?
put forward 提出（建議等）；提名;提前，把時(shí)鐘往前撥
He put forward a new plan. 他提出一個(gè)新計(jì)劃。
May I put your name forward as a possible chairman of the committee?我能否提名你當(dāng)委員會(huì)主席？
[歸納拓展]
put down 記下；鎮(zhèn)壓 put out 關(guān)掉；熄滅
put aside 放在一邊；儲(chǔ)存；保留 put off 推遲；延期
put up 建造；舉起；張貼 put on 穿上
put away 收好
選詞填空
（put off, put up, put forward, put aside, put out）
①The plan that you _____ at the meeting is wonderful.
②Many tall buildings were _____ along the road.
③Firefighters have been called to _____ the fire in the city center.
④He has a little money to _____ for a rainy day.
⑤Don’t _____ until tomorrow what can be done today.
Part 2. Pre-reading, reading and comprehending
1. Do you know how to prove a new idea in scientific research
how to prove a new idea 為“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)，該結(jié)構(gòu)可在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。
We haven’t decided where to go. 我們還沒(méi)有決定去哪里。
The question is when to leave. 問(wèn)題是什么時(shí)候動(dòng)身。
2.draw a conclusion 得出結(jié)論
1）conclusion作名詞，意為―結(jié)束，結(jié)論‖
come to/reach/arrive at a conclusion 得出結(jié)論
in conclusion 后
I will in conclusion say a few words about my visit to Tokyo.后，我對(duì)我的東京之行說(shuō)幾句。
2）conclude作動(dòng)詞，―結(jié)束；斷定；決定‖。to conclude（作插入語(yǔ)）后,作為總結(jié)(= to sum up)
To conclude, I think smoking does more harm than good to us.
3.John Snow was a famous doctor in London — so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. 約翰·斯諾是倫敦一位的醫(yī)生——他的確醫(yī)術(shù)精湛，以至于成了照料維多利亞女王的私人醫(yī)生。
expert
① n. 專家，能手 an expert in psychology（心理學(xué)） an agricultural expert
② adj. 熟練的，有專門技術(shù)的
an expert job需專門知識(shí)的工作
He is expert in / at cooking.
attend vt. &vi 參加，注意，照料
① be present at參加attend a ceremony / lecture / a meeting
② attend to (on): to look after, care for, serve伺候, 照顧，看護(hù)
The queen had a good doctor attending （on ）her.
Dr Smith attended her in hospital.
Mother had to attend to her sick son.
③ attend to處理，注意傾聽(tīng)
Can you attend to the matter immediately?
I may be late – I have got one or two things to attend to.
4. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. 但當(dāng)他一想到要幫助那些得了霍亂的普通人時(shí)，他就感到很振奮。
(1) exposed to cholera 在句中是過(guò)去分詞作后置定語(yǔ)，表示被動(dòng)。意為―患霍亂的‖。如： The book written by Luxun is very popular. 魯迅寫(xiě)的書(shū)是很受歡迎的。
The man seen by us yesterday is Professor Smith. 昨天我們看見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人是史密斯教授。
(2) expose
①暴露 expose sb/sth to sth He exposes his skin to the sun. 他把皮膚暴露在陽(yáng)光下。 ②揭露He exposed their plot. 他揭穿了他們的陰謀。
The crime of the corrupt officials must be exposed without any reserve. 對(duì)貪官污吏的罪行一定要毫無(wú)保留地予以揭發(fā)。
exposed adj. 暴露的，暴露于風(fēng)雨中的，無(wú)掩蔽的 exposedness n. 暴露，顯露
expose sth. to the light of day 把某事暴露于光天化日之下
expose a fraud 揭穿騙局
練習(xí)：The disc, digitally _____ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded
5.Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. 對(duì)于它的起因和治療方法人們都不清楚。 neither...nor...既不……也不，連接句中兩個(gè)相同成分。
①I neither knew nor cared what had happened to him.我既不知道也不關(guān)心他出了什么事。 ②Neither France nor Britain will attend the meeting next week.法國(guó)和英國(guó)都將不會(huì)參加下星期的會(huì)議。
③Neither Jim nor his parents have seen the film.
＝Neither his parents nor Jim has seen the film.吉姆和她的父母都沒(méi)有看過(guò)這部電影。 cure vt. 治療,治愈,改正 n. 治療,治愈,治療法
①cure sb（of sth）治好了某人（的...,...)
The only way to cure backache is to rest. 治療背痛的辦法是休息。When I left the hospital I was completely cured.
That nasty shock cured him of his inquisitiveness for ever. 那一沉重教訓(xùn)根除了他凡事愛(ài)打聽(tīng)的毛病。
This illness cannot be cured easily. 這種病不好治.
②a cure for sth.治療…的方法;解決問(wèn)題，改善困境
Is there a certain cure for cancer yet? 癌癥迄今有無(wú)有效的治療方法?
The prices are going up every day, but there is no cure for rising prices.
6.So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.人們既不知道它的病因，也不懂如何治療。每次爆發(fā)霍亂時(shí)就有成千上萬(wàn)驚恐的人病死。
(1)本句為復(fù)合句，―So many thousands of terrified people died‖ 為主句，every time引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，意思是―每當(dāng)……‖。
(2)有些名詞短語(yǔ)或副詞可以起連詞的作用，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。例如：every time，each time，the last time，next time，the moment，the minute，immediately，instantly等。 ①Every time/Each time I express an opinion，she argues back.每當(dāng)我發(fā)表意見(jiàn)時(shí)，她總是反駁。
②I found myself in an entirely new world the moment/the minute/immediately I arrived here.我一到這里就感到耳目一新。
③The last time I saw him，he was quite well.我后看到他時(shí)，他還相當(dāng)健康。 ④Give your father my best regards next time you see him.下次你見(jiàn)到你父親時(shí)，請(qǐng)代我向他致以好的問(wèn)候。
[拓展延伸]
(1)for the first time是介詞短語(yǔ)，常用作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，而the first time是連詞，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
(2)It is the first time that...如果前面用is，從句動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；如果前面用was，則從句動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí).
(3)It’s (high) time that...從句動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí)或should＋動(dòng)詞原形。
It’s high time we took immediate action to prevent pollution.該到我們立即采取措施阻止污染的時(shí)候了。
7.The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air, a cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims.第一種看法是霍亂病毒在空氣中繁殖，像一股危險(xiǎn)氣體在空中到處漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害人。
suggest v. 建議；暗示；表明suggest+doing / sth. / that sb. (should) do sth.
May suggested a picnic at the weekend.
He suggested to us a visit to the Great Wall.
He suggested us visiting the Great Wall.
I suggested leaving early for the airport.
He suggested that we (should) visit the Great Wall.
She suggested that her father (should) give up smoking.
*suggest (暗示，表明)+從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
The smile on her face suggested that she agreed with me.
The look on his face suggested that he was happy.
8..The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.第二種看法是人們是在吃飯時(shí)把這種病毒引入體內(nèi)的。
absorb vt.(1)專注，聚精會(huì)神be absorbed in＝put one’s heart into集中精力做某事
I was absorbed in a book and didn’t hear your call. 我正專心看書(shū)，沒(méi)聽(tīng)到你的電話。
Absorbed in his work，Tom simply forgot food and sleep.湯姆專心工作，幾乎忘記了吃飯和睡覺(jué)。
（2）吸收，把……吸收入（absorb...into...）
Black cloth absorbs light.黑布吸收光線。
The big company has gradually absorbed these small companies into its own organization.這家大公司逐漸將這些小公司吞并了。
The clever boy absorbed all the knowledge his teacher could give him.那個(gè)聰明的男孩把他老師所能教他的所有知識(shí)都理解了。
9.John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.約翰·斯諾推測(cè)第二種說(shuō)法是正確的，但需要有證據(jù)。
suspect vt. 認(rèn)為，懷疑
常用短語(yǔ)：suspect sth to be; suspect sb of doing sth.
They suspect him to be the murderer.(他們懷疑他是兇手)
She suspected him of taking her money.
n. 嫌疑犯;可疑分子[C]
10 .....,the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.
severe adj. 嚴(yán)厲地；苛刻的；嚴(yán)格的
be severe with/on 對(duì)....嚴(yán)格/嚴(yán)厲 You are too severe on the boy.
劇痛的；劇烈的；嚴(yán)重的 a severe attack of toothache 牙痛的劇烈發(fā)作
adv. severely
11.Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. 接下來(lái)，約翰·斯諾調(diào)查了這兩條街上的水源。
look into調(diào)查，了解，研究；朝„„里面看
與one’s face/eyes等連用，表示“注視”
He looks into her face with great interest.他饒有興趣地注視著她的臉。
和look組成的其他短語(yǔ)
look around/about環(huán)顧四周 look after照顧；照料
look back回頭看 look back on 回顧；回想
look down upon 輕視，瞧不起 look for 尋求；尋找
look forward to (doing) 盼望 look on旁觀
look on/upon...as把„„看作 look out往外看；注意；當(dāng)心
look through瀏覽 look up抬頭看；查看
look up to sb. 尊敬/仰慕某人
12. It seemed that the water was to blame.看來(lái)要?dú)w罪于飲用水了。
blame v. 責(zé)備；譴責(zé)；把……歸咎于 n. 過(guò)失；責(zé)備;(過(guò)失、過(guò)錯(cuò)等)責(zé)任
①blame sb. for sth. / doing sth.為某事責(zé)備某人 / 責(zé)備某人做了某事
They blamed the secretary for the delay of the plan.
② blame sth. on sb. / sth. 把某事歸咎于某人;因某事而指責(zé)某人
The police blamed the traffic accident on jack’s careless driving.
③ be to blame for(doing)sth． 因(做)某事某人應(yīng)該受到譴責(zé)；注意:be to blame應(yīng)受責(zé)備（主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)）；應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任
The driver was not to blame for the traffic accident.④ accept / bear / take the blame for sth. 對(duì)某事負(fù)責(zé)任
He is ready to take the blame for what had happened.
⑤ put / lay the blame for sth. on sb. 將某事歸咎于某人
13.In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.在倫敦的另一地區(qū)，他從另外兩例與布洛德街疾病爆發(fā)有關(guān)的死亡病例中得到了有力的證據(jù)。
link vt. 連接；聯(lián)系n. 環(huán)；連接；聯(lián)系；紐帶
14.A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.一個(gè)婦女，從布洛德街搬走了，但她非常喜歡水泵的水，她讓人每天從水泵給她家送水。
15. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.利用這個(gè)額外證據(jù)，約翰·斯諾就可以很有把握地宣布污染水?dāng)y帶病菌。
announce vt.
(1)宣布，宣告(決定、計(jì)劃等)
announce sth.(to sb.)(向某人)宣布、通告某事
announce that...宣布……；通知…… It is announced that...據(jù)宣布…
Please announce to your class that there will be no school tomorrow.請(qǐng)通知你們班明天不上學(xué)。
It has been officially announced that he will pay a second visit to China soon.據(jù)官方消息稱，他不久將再次來(lái)中國(guó)訪問(wèn)。
(2)(事情)顯示……；預(yù)告
The bright flowers announced that spring was here.鮮艷的花朵顯示春天已經(jīng)來(lái)到。
[拓展延伸] announcement n．宣布；口頭通知 announcer n.播音員
make an announcement下通知
16.To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined. 為防止這種情況再度發(fā)生，約翰·斯諾建議，所有水源都要經(jīng)過(guò)檢測(cè)。
prevent/stop...(from) doing sth. 或keep...from doing sth.意為―阻止……做某事‖
①What can we do to prevent the disease spreading.我們能做什么來(lái)防止這種疾病蔓延呢？②We should take measures to prevent the river from being polluted further.我們應(yīng)該采取措施阻止這條河受到進(jìn)一步的污染。
examine v. 檢查；細(xì)查；診察; 審問(wèn)；盤問(wèn)
The doctor examined the boy and found there was nothing the matter with him.
The lawyer examined the witness.
examination n. 考試； 檢查；細(xì)查
take an examination 參加考試medical examination 體檢
under examination 在檢查中；在審查中
17. Finally “King Cholera” was defeated.―霍亂王‖終于被擊敗了。
[辨析]win, beat與defeat
win ―贏得‖賽事、戰(zhàn)事、某物；beat ―戰(zhàn)勝‖―擊敗‖比賽中的對(duì)手，可與defeat互換 We beat / defeated their team by 10 scores.
They won the battle but lost many men.
The local ball team won the state championship by beating / defeating all the other teams.
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Part 3. Learning about Language
1. take in 收留；包括
take相關(guān)短語(yǔ)：
take after 相似
take apart把(小型機(jī)器、鐘表等)拆開(kāi);拆散
take away 拿走
take back承認(rèn)說(shuō)錯(cuò)了(話),收回(諾言,話語(yǔ))；使回憶起；送回,還回去;退(貨)
take off 脫下,脫去(尤指衣服); 解(拿)掉 --put on (反義詞)；(飛機(jī)等)升空,起飛 take on雇用；開(kāi)始具有/ 呈現(xiàn)(某種品質(zhì)、面貌等); 露出；接受(工作等);承擔(dān)(責(zé)任等) take out帶(某人)去(某處參加社交活動(dòng)等)；正式取得,領(lǐng)得,獲得；洗去(污跡),使褪色 take over 接手,接任;接管
take up開(kāi)始花時(shí)間從事(某項(xiàng)活動(dòng));對(duì)„„產(chǎn)生興趣; 開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)(某課程),選修；(事物或事件)占用了(時(shí)間或空間)；接受„„的建議；繼續(xù)
take …for granted 想當(dāng)然認(rèn)為(會(huì)是某種情況),認(rèn)為……是理所當(dāng)然的;認(rèn)為沒(méi)有問(wèn)題 take …for instance / example 以……為例
take …into account / consideration 考慮到,把……考慮進(jìn)去
take pride in / be proud of 為……感到自豪/ 驕傲
take revenge on 向….報(bào)復(fù)
take one's place 代替某人
take the opportunity 利用這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)
take turns 輪流(做某事)
2. construction n.建設(shè)；建筑業(yè)；建造
He works in construction industry. 他在建筑行業(yè)工作。
There are two new hotels under construction. 有兩家新飯店正在興建。
詞組擴(kuò)展：construction workers 建筑工人
under construction 正在建設(shè)中
3.apart from有兩種含義：
1）相當(dāng)于besides.意為“除„„以外（還包括）”
Apart from my mother tongue, I speak several foreign languages as well.
除了母語(yǔ)外，我還會(huì)講好幾種外語(yǔ)。
2）相當(dāng)于except.意為“除„„以外（不包括）”
I like all the subjects apart from English.除了英語(yǔ)外，我喜歡所有學(xué)科。
過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)
1)語(yǔ)法功能
過(guò)去分詞或過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，其功能相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。被修飾的詞是分詞所表示的行為的承受者；在邏輯上，它們是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。
The lecture given by Professor Zhang is about environment protection. a.單個(gè)的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，位于它所修飾的名詞或代詞前面
the affected people受感染的人 a broken heart一顆破碎的心
a lost dog喪家之犬 a broken glass被打破的玻璃杯
Attention：過(guò)去分詞修飾 something, everything, anything, nothing, somebody, nobody，those 等
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不定代詞時(shí)，要放在這些詞后面。
Is there anything unsolved?
There is noting changed here since I left this town.
b. 過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)：通常后置，其作用相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句。
people exposed to cholera= people who was exposed to cholera
the book recommended by Jack= the book which was recommended by Jack
the machines produced last year= the machines which were produced last year
c. 不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)不表被動(dòng)，只表完成。
a risen sun已升起的太陽(yáng) the gone days 逝去的時(shí)光
fallen leaves 落葉
2）現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：
現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)，所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，(或者沒(méi)有一定的時(shí)間性)。
The letter posted yesterday will soon reach him.
Have you read the book recommended by your teacher?這是你老師推薦的書(shū)嗎？
對(duì)比：
the changing world（正在變化的）the changed world（變化了的）
boiling water（正在沸騰的）boiled water（已經(jīng)沸騰過(guò)的）
fading flowers(正在凋謝的) faded flowers（已經(jīng)凋謝的）
a developing country(發(fā)展中的) a developed country（發(fā)達(dá)的）
a drowning man快要淹死的人 a drowned man已經(jīng)淹死的人
falling leaves正在飄落的樹(shù)葉 fallen leaves落葉
a retired worker退休工人 an escaped prisoner逃犯
3）及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(done)與現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式
(being done)都可以表示―被動(dòng)‖，但前者多表示一個(gè)完成了的動(dòng)作，而后者則表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.
the problem discussed yesterday
the problem being discussed
過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ)
1 過(guò)去分詞（短語(yǔ)）作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，其作用相當(dāng)于adj.,說(shuō)明的是主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)
All the windows are broken.
All hope is gone.
He looked worried after reading the letter.
常見(jiàn)作表語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞有： disappointed, drunk, amused, frightened, married, excited, experienced, interested, confused, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, tired, worried,gone, dressed, lost等。
注意
過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)和動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)相似，但兩者表達(dá)的意思明顯不同，前者說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)及所處的狀態(tài)，而后者強(qiáng)調(diào)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。
My glasses are broken.我的眼鏡碎了。(狀態(tài)）
My glasses were broken by my son.我的眼鏡被我兒子摔碎了。（動(dòng)作）
第7 / 9頁(yè)
1. The disc, digitally ______ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded
2. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, ____ as 3M.
A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known
3. Most of the artists _____ to the party were from South Africa.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited
4. As soon as she entered the room, the girl caught sight of the flowers ____ by
her mother.
A.buying B. being bought C. were bought D. bought
5. Don’t use words, expressions or phrases _____ only to people with specific knowledge.
A.being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known
6. The computer center,_____ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened
7. Cleaning women in big cities get _____ by the hour.
A.pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay
8. As we joined the big crowd I got _____ from my friends.
A.separated B. spared C. lost D. missed
9. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain ___ as the plane was making a landing.
A.seat B. seating C. seated D. to be seating
10. Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you can’t have time to _____ before the party.
A.get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change
Part 4. Using Language
1.Although he had tried to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion.....雖然他曾經(jīng)試著不去理睬那些數(shù)據(jù)，然而他所有的數(shù)字計(jì)算都得出了一個(gè)相同的結(jié)論
lead to 導(dǎo)致，通向
His carelessness led to the accident.他的粗心導(dǎo)致了這場(chǎng)事故。
All roads lead to Rome.條條大路通羅馬。
該短語(yǔ)中to為介詞。類似的短語(yǔ)還有：
be used to stick to look forward to devote onesele to pay attentio to
2.Only if you put the sun there did the movementof the other plants in the sky make sense..只有當(dāng)你把太陽(yáng)放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的運(yùn)動(dòng)才能說(shuō)得清楚。
第8 / 9頁(yè)
1）句中only 修飾if引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句，放在句首時(shí)，后面的主句要用倒裝。only位于句首，其后接副詞或介詞短語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子的主謂也要部分倒裝。
Only then did I realize my mistake.只有到那時(shí)我才意識(shí)到我的錯(cuò)誤。
Only in this way can you solve the problem.
2）make sense 講得通；有道理；有意義
Here, read the sentence. It doesn’t seem to make sense.在這里，讀這個(gè)句子，好像一點(diǎn)也講不通。 Your story doesn’t make sense to me.你的故事對(duì)我沒(méi)有意義。
3.Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea. 然而他的這個(gè)理論不能告訴任何人， 因?yàn)榧词顾话凳居羞@種想法，他都會(huì)受到強(qiáng)大的基督教會(huì)勢(shì)力的懲罰。
would have done表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)
If I had seen the advertisement, I would have applied for the job.我要是看見(jiàn)那個(gè)廣告，我就申請(qǐng)那份工作了。
虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件從句中的用法:
Part 1. Warming up
1. explain 及物動(dòng)詞（vt.）
解釋;說(shuō)明;闡明[(+to)][+wh-][+(that)]
He explained that he had been cheated. 他解釋說(shuō)他是上當(dāng)受騙了。
Can you explain how the machine operates?你能解釋一下這機(jī)器是如何運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的嗎?
Please explain this rule to me.請(qǐng)給我講解一下這條規(guī)則。
不及物動(dòng)詞（vi.）解釋;說(shuō)明;辯解
I've got to explain about it. 我得解釋一下此事。
2. characteristic
n. 特征；特性 Kindness is one of his characteristics.
adj. 獨(dú)特的 I heard my friend’s characteristic laugh.
be characteristic of sb./sth. 是.....的特性
Such bluntness is characteristic of hin. 如此遲鈍是他的特性。
3. Who put forward a theory about black holes?
put forward 提出（建議等）；提名;提前，把時(shí)鐘往前撥
He put forward a new plan. 他提出一個(gè)新計(jì)劃。
May I put your name forward as a possible chairman of the committee?我能否提名你當(dāng)委員會(huì)主席？
[歸納拓展]
put down 記下；鎮(zhèn)壓 put out 關(guān)掉；熄滅
put aside 放在一邊；儲(chǔ)存；保留 put off 推遲；延期
put up 建造；舉起；張貼 put on 穿上
put away 收好
選詞填空
（put off, put up, put forward, put aside, put out）
①The plan that you _____ at the meeting is wonderful.
②Many tall buildings were _____ along the road.
③Firefighters have been called to _____ the fire in the city center.
④He has a little money to _____ for a rainy day.
⑤Don’t _____ until tomorrow what can be done today.
Part 2. Pre-reading, reading and comprehending
1. Do you know how to prove a new idea in scientific research
how to prove a new idea 為“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)，該結(jié)構(gòu)可在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。
We haven’t decided where to go. 我們還沒(méi)有決定去哪里。
The question is when to leave. 問(wèn)題是什么時(shí)候動(dòng)身。
2.draw a conclusion 得出結(jié)論
1）conclusion作名詞，意為―結(jié)束，結(jié)論‖
come to/reach/arrive at a conclusion 得出結(jié)論
in conclusion 后
I will in conclusion say a few words about my visit to Tokyo.后，我對(duì)我的東京之行說(shuō)幾句。
2）conclude作動(dòng)詞，―結(jié)束；斷定；決定‖。to conclude（作插入語(yǔ)）后,作為總結(jié)(= to sum up)
To conclude, I think smoking does more harm than good to us.
3.John Snow was a famous doctor in London — so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. 約翰·斯諾是倫敦一位的醫(yī)生——他的確醫(yī)術(shù)精湛，以至于成了照料維多利亞女王的私人醫(yī)生。
expert
① n. 專家，能手 an expert in psychology（心理學(xué)） an agricultural expert
② adj. 熟練的，有專門技術(shù)的
an expert job需專門知識(shí)的工作
He is expert in / at cooking.
attend vt. &vi 參加，注意，照料
① be present at參加attend a ceremony / lecture / a meeting
② attend to (on): to look after, care for, serve伺候, 照顧，看護(hù)
The queen had a good doctor attending （on ）her.
Dr Smith attended her in hospital.
Mother had to attend to her sick son.
③ attend to處理，注意傾聽(tīng)
Can you attend to the matter immediately?
I may be late – I have got one or two things to attend to.
4. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. 但當(dāng)他一想到要幫助那些得了霍亂的普通人時(shí)，他就感到很振奮。
(1) exposed to cholera 在句中是過(guò)去分詞作后置定語(yǔ)，表示被動(dòng)。意為―患霍亂的‖。如： The book written by Luxun is very popular. 魯迅寫(xiě)的書(shū)是很受歡迎的。
The man seen by us yesterday is Professor Smith. 昨天我們看見(jiàn)的那個(gè)人是史密斯教授。
(2) expose
①暴露 expose sb/sth to sth He exposes his skin to the sun. 他把皮膚暴露在陽(yáng)光下。 ②揭露He exposed their plot. 他揭穿了他們的陰謀。
The crime of the corrupt officials must be exposed without any reserve. 對(duì)貪官污吏的罪行一定要毫無(wú)保留地予以揭發(fā)。
exposed adj. 暴露的，暴露于風(fēng)雨中的，無(wú)掩蔽的 exposedness n. 暴露，顯露
expose sth. to the light of day 把某事暴露于光天化日之下
expose a fraud 揭穿騙局
練習(xí)：The disc, digitally _____ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded
5.Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. 對(duì)于它的起因和治療方法人們都不清楚。 neither...nor...既不……也不，連接句中兩個(gè)相同成分。
①I neither knew nor cared what had happened to him.我既不知道也不關(guān)心他出了什么事。 ②Neither France nor Britain will attend the meeting next week.法國(guó)和英國(guó)都將不會(huì)參加下星期的會(huì)議。
③Neither Jim nor his parents have seen the film.
＝Neither his parents nor Jim has seen the film.吉姆和她的父母都沒(méi)有看過(guò)這部電影。 cure vt. 治療,治愈,改正 n. 治療,治愈,治療法
①cure sb（of sth）治好了某人（的...,...)
The only way to cure backache is to rest. 治療背痛的辦法是休息。When I left the hospital I was completely cured.
That nasty shock cured him of his inquisitiveness for ever. 那一沉重教訓(xùn)根除了他凡事愛(ài)打聽(tīng)的毛病。
This illness cannot be cured easily. 這種病不好治.
②a cure for sth.治療…的方法;解決問(wèn)題，改善困境
Is there a certain cure for cancer yet? 癌癥迄今有無(wú)有效的治療方法?
The prices are going up every day, but there is no cure for rising prices.
6.So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.人們既不知道它的病因，也不懂如何治療。每次爆發(fā)霍亂時(shí)就有成千上萬(wàn)驚恐的人病死。
(1)本句為復(fù)合句，―So many thousands of terrified people died‖ 為主句，every time引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，意思是―每當(dāng)……‖。
(2)有些名詞短語(yǔ)或副詞可以起連詞的作用，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。例如：every time，each time，the last time，next time，the moment，the minute，immediately，instantly等。 ①Every time/Each time I express an opinion，she argues back.每當(dāng)我發(fā)表意見(jiàn)時(shí)，她總是反駁。
②I found myself in an entirely new world the moment/the minute/immediately I arrived here.我一到這里就感到耳目一新。
③The last time I saw him，he was quite well.我后看到他時(shí)，他還相當(dāng)健康。 ④Give your father my best regards next time you see him.下次你見(jiàn)到你父親時(shí)，請(qǐng)代我向他致以好的問(wèn)候。
[拓展延伸]
(1)for the first time是介詞短語(yǔ)，常用作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，而the first time是連詞，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
(2)It is the first time that...如果前面用is，從句動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；如果前面用was，則從句動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí).
(3)It’s (high) time that...從句動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去時(shí)或should＋動(dòng)詞原形。
It’s high time we took immediate action to prevent pollution.該到我們立即采取措施阻止污染的時(shí)候了。
7.The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air, a cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims.第一種看法是霍亂病毒在空氣中繁殖，像一股危險(xiǎn)氣體在空中到處漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害人。
suggest v. 建議；暗示；表明suggest+doing / sth. / that sb. (should) do sth.
May suggested a picnic at the weekend.
He suggested to us a visit to the Great Wall.
He suggested us visiting the Great Wall.
I suggested leaving early for the airport.
He suggested that we (should) visit the Great Wall.
She suggested that her father (should) give up smoking.
*suggest (暗示，表明)+從句不用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
The smile on her face suggested that she agreed with me.
The look on his face suggested that he was happy.
8..The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.第二種看法是人們是在吃飯時(shí)把這種病毒引入體內(nèi)的。
absorb vt.(1)專注，聚精會(huì)神be absorbed in＝put one’s heart into集中精力做某事
I was absorbed in a book and didn’t hear your call. 我正專心看書(shū)，沒(méi)聽(tīng)到你的電話。
Absorbed in his work，Tom simply forgot food and sleep.湯姆專心工作，幾乎忘記了吃飯和睡覺(jué)。
（2）吸收，把……吸收入（absorb...into...）
Black cloth absorbs light.黑布吸收光線。
The big company has gradually absorbed these small companies into its own organization.這家大公司逐漸將這些小公司吞并了。
The clever boy absorbed all the knowledge his teacher could give him.那個(gè)聰明的男孩把他老師所能教他的所有知識(shí)都理解了。
9.John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.約翰·斯諾推測(cè)第二種說(shuō)法是正確的，但需要有證據(jù)。
suspect vt. 認(rèn)為，懷疑
常用短語(yǔ)：suspect sth to be; suspect sb of doing sth.
They suspect him to be the murderer.(他們懷疑他是兇手)
She suspected him of taking her money.
n. 嫌疑犯;可疑分子[C]
10 .....,the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.
severe adj. 嚴(yán)厲地；苛刻的；嚴(yán)格的
be severe with/on 對(duì)....嚴(yán)格/嚴(yán)厲 You are too severe on the boy.
劇痛的；劇烈的；嚴(yán)重的 a severe attack of toothache 牙痛的劇烈發(fā)作
adv. severely
11.Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. 接下來(lái)，約翰·斯諾調(diào)查了這兩條街上的水源。
look into調(diào)查，了解，研究；朝„„里面看
與one’s face/eyes等連用，表示“注視”
He looks into her face with great interest.他饒有興趣地注視著她的臉。
和look組成的其他短語(yǔ)
look around/about環(huán)顧四周 look after照顧；照料
look back回頭看 look back on 回顧；回想
look down upon 輕視，瞧不起 look for 尋求；尋找
look forward to (doing) 盼望 look on旁觀
look on/upon...as把„„看作 look out往外看；注意；當(dāng)心
look through瀏覽 look up抬頭看；查看
look up to sb. 尊敬/仰慕某人
12. It seemed that the water was to blame.看來(lái)要?dú)w罪于飲用水了。
blame v. 責(zé)備；譴責(zé)；把……歸咎于 n. 過(guò)失；責(zé)備;(過(guò)失、過(guò)錯(cuò)等)責(zé)任
①blame sb. for sth. / doing sth.為某事責(zé)備某人 / 責(zé)備某人做了某事
They blamed the secretary for the delay of the plan.
② blame sth. on sb. / sth. 把某事歸咎于某人;因某事而指責(zé)某人
The police blamed the traffic accident on jack’s careless driving.
③ be to blame for(doing)sth． 因(做)某事某人應(yīng)該受到譴責(zé)；注意:be to blame應(yīng)受責(zé)備（主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)）；應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)任
The driver was not to blame for the traffic accident.④ accept / bear / take the blame for sth. 對(duì)某事負(fù)責(zé)任
He is ready to take the blame for what had happened.
⑤ put / lay the blame for sth. on sb. 將某事歸咎于某人
13.In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.在倫敦的另一地區(qū)，他從另外兩例與布洛德街疾病爆發(fā)有關(guān)的死亡病例中得到了有力的證據(jù)。
link vt. 連接；聯(lián)系n. 環(huán)；連接；聯(lián)系；紐帶
14.A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.一個(gè)婦女，從布洛德街搬走了，但她非常喜歡水泵的水，她讓人每天從水泵給她家送水。
15. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.利用這個(gè)額外證據(jù)，約翰·斯諾就可以很有把握地宣布污染水?dāng)y帶病菌。
announce vt.
(1)宣布，宣告(決定、計(jì)劃等)
announce sth.(to sb.)(向某人)宣布、通告某事
announce that...宣布……；通知…… It is announced that...據(jù)宣布…
Please announce to your class that there will be no school tomorrow.請(qǐng)通知你們班明天不上學(xué)。
It has been officially announced that he will pay a second visit to China soon.據(jù)官方消息稱，他不久將再次來(lái)中國(guó)訪問(wèn)。
(2)(事情)顯示……；預(yù)告
The bright flowers announced that spring was here.鮮艷的花朵顯示春天已經(jīng)來(lái)到。
[拓展延伸] announcement n．宣布；口頭通知 announcer n.播音員
make an announcement下通知
16.To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined. 為防止這種情況再度發(fā)生，約翰·斯諾建議，所有水源都要經(jīng)過(guò)檢測(cè)。
prevent/stop...(from) doing sth. 或keep...from doing sth.意為―阻止……做某事‖
①What can we do to prevent the disease spreading.我們能做什么來(lái)防止這種疾病蔓延呢？②We should take measures to prevent the river from being polluted further.我們應(yīng)該采取措施阻止這條河受到進(jìn)一步的污染。
examine v. 檢查；細(xì)查；診察; 審問(wèn)；盤問(wèn)
The doctor examined the boy and found there was nothing the matter with him.
The lawyer examined the witness.
examination n. 考試； 檢查；細(xì)查
take an examination 參加考試medical examination 體檢
under examination 在檢查中；在審查中
17. Finally “King Cholera” was defeated.―霍亂王‖終于被擊敗了。
[辨析]win, beat與defeat
win ―贏得‖賽事、戰(zhàn)事、某物；beat ―戰(zhàn)勝‖―擊敗‖比賽中的對(duì)手，可與defeat互換 We beat / defeated their team by 10 scores.
They won the battle but lost many men.
The local ball team won the state championship by beating / defeating all the other teams.
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Part 3. Learning about Language
1. take in 收留；包括
take相關(guān)短語(yǔ)：
take after 相似
take apart把(小型機(jī)器、鐘表等)拆開(kāi);拆散
take away 拿走
take back承認(rèn)說(shuō)錯(cuò)了(話),收回(諾言,話語(yǔ))；使回憶起；送回,還回去;退(貨)
take off 脫下,脫去(尤指衣服); 解(拿)掉 --put on (反義詞)；(飛機(jī)等)升空,起飛 take on雇用；開(kāi)始具有/ 呈現(xiàn)(某種品質(zhì)、面貌等); 露出；接受(工作等);承擔(dān)(責(zé)任等) take out帶(某人)去(某處參加社交活動(dòng)等)；正式取得,領(lǐng)得,獲得；洗去(污跡),使褪色 take over 接手,接任;接管
take up開(kāi)始花時(shí)間從事(某項(xiàng)活動(dòng));對(duì)„„產(chǎn)生興趣; 開(kāi)始學(xué)習(xí)(某課程),選修；(事物或事件)占用了(時(shí)間或空間)；接受„„的建議；繼續(xù)
take …for granted 想當(dāng)然認(rèn)為(會(huì)是某種情況),認(rèn)為……是理所當(dāng)然的;認(rèn)為沒(méi)有問(wèn)題 take …for instance / example 以……為例
take …into account / consideration 考慮到,把……考慮進(jìn)去
take pride in / be proud of 為……感到自豪/ 驕傲
take revenge on 向….報(bào)復(fù)
take one's place 代替某人
take the opportunity 利用這個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)
take turns 輪流(做某事)
2. construction n.建設(shè)；建筑業(yè)；建造
He works in construction industry. 他在建筑行業(yè)工作。
There are two new hotels under construction. 有兩家新飯店正在興建。
詞組擴(kuò)展：construction workers 建筑工人
under construction 正在建設(shè)中
3.apart from有兩種含義：
1）相當(dāng)于besides.意為“除„„以外（還包括）”
Apart from my mother tongue, I speak several foreign languages as well.
除了母語(yǔ)外，我還會(huì)講好幾種外語(yǔ)。
2）相當(dāng)于except.意為“除„„以外（不包括）”
I like all the subjects apart from English.除了英語(yǔ)外，我喜歡所有學(xué)科。
過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)
1)語(yǔ)法功能
過(guò)去分詞或過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，其功能相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。被修飾的詞是分詞所表示的行為的承受者；在邏輯上，它們是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。
The lecture given by Professor Zhang is about environment protection. a.單個(gè)的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，位于它所修飾的名詞或代詞前面
the affected people受感染的人 a broken heart一顆破碎的心
a lost dog喪家之犬 a broken glass被打破的玻璃杯
Attention：過(guò)去分詞修飾 something, everything, anything, nothing, somebody, nobody，those 等
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不定代詞時(shí)，要放在這些詞后面。
Is there anything unsolved?
There is noting changed here since I left this town.
b. 過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)：通常后置，其作用相當(dāng)于定語(yǔ)從句。
people exposed to cholera= people who was exposed to cholera
the book recommended by Jack= the book which was recommended by Jack
the machines produced last year= the machines which were produced last year
c. 不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)不表被動(dòng)，只表完成。
a risen sun已升起的太陽(yáng) the gone days 逝去的時(shí)光
fallen leaves 落葉
2）現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：
現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)，表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)，所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生，(或者沒(méi)有一定的時(shí)間性)。
The letter posted yesterday will soon reach him.
Have you read the book recommended by your teacher?這是你老師推薦的書(shū)嗎？
對(duì)比：
the changing world（正在變化的）the changed world（變化了的）
boiling water（正在沸騰的）boiled water（已經(jīng)沸騰過(guò)的）
fading flowers(正在凋謝的) faded flowers（已經(jīng)凋謝的）
a developing country(發(fā)展中的) a developed country（發(fā)達(dá)的）
a drowning man快要淹死的人 a drowned man已經(jīng)淹死的人
falling leaves正在飄落的樹(shù)葉 fallen leaves落葉
a retired worker退休工人 an escaped prisoner逃犯
3）及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞(done)與現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式
(being done)都可以表示―被動(dòng)‖，但前者多表示一個(gè)完成了的動(dòng)作，而后者則表示一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.
the problem discussed yesterday
the problem being discussed
過(guò)去分詞做表語(yǔ)
1 過(guò)去分詞（短語(yǔ)）作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，其作用相當(dāng)于adj.,說(shuō)明的是主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)
All the windows are broken.
All hope is gone.
He looked worried after reading the letter.
常見(jiàn)作表語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞有： disappointed, drunk, amused, frightened, married, excited, experienced, interested, confused, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, tired, worried,gone, dressed, lost等。
注意
過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)和動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)相似，但兩者表達(dá)的意思明顯不同，前者說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)及所處的狀態(tài)，而后者強(qiáng)調(diào)被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。
My glasses are broken.我的眼鏡碎了。(狀態(tài)）
My glasses were broken by my son.我的眼鏡被我兒子摔碎了。（動(dòng)作）
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1. The disc, digitally ______ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night.
A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded
2. Linda worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, ____ as 3M.
A. knowing B. known C. being known D. to be known
3. Most of the artists _____ to the party were from South Africa.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. had been invited
4. As soon as she entered the room, the girl caught sight of the flowers ____ by
her mother.
A.buying B. being bought C. were bought D. bought
5. Don’t use words, expressions or phrases _____ only to people with specific knowledge.
A.being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known
6. The computer center,_____ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened
7. Cleaning women in big cities get _____ by the hour.
A.pay B. paying C. paid D. to pay
8. As we joined the big crowd I got _____ from my friends.
A.separated B. spared C. lost D. missed
9. The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain ___ as the plane was making a landing.
A.seat B. seating C. seated D. to be seating
10. Sarah, hurry up. I’m afraid you can’t have time to _____ before the party.
A.get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change
Part 4. Using Language
1.Although he had tried to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion.....雖然他曾經(jīng)試著不去理睬那些數(shù)據(jù)，然而他所有的數(shù)字計(jì)算都得出了一個(gè)相同的結(jié)論
lead to 導(dǎo)致，通向
His carelessness led to the accident.他的粗心導(dǎo)致了這場(chǎng)事故。
All roads lead to Rome.條條大路通羅馬。
該短語(yǔ)中to為介詞。類似的短語(yǔ)還有：
be used to stick to look forward to devote onesele to pay attentio to
2.Only if you put the sun there did the movementof the other plants in the sky make sense..只有當(dāng)你把太陽(yáng)放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的運(yùn)動(dòng)才能說(shuō)得清楚。
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1）句中only 修飾if引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句，放在句首時(shí)，后面的主句要用倒裝。only位于句首，其后接副詞或介詞短語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子的主謂也要部分倒裝。
Only then did I realize my mistake.只有到那時(shí)我才意識(shí)到我的錯(cuò)誤。
Only in this way can you solve the problem.
2）make sense 講得通；有道理；有意義
Here, read the sentence. It doesn’t seem to make sense.在這里，讀這個(gè)句子，好像一點(diǎn)也講不通。 Your story doesn’t make sense to me.你的故事對(duì)我沒(méi)有意義。
3.Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea. 然而他的這個(gè)理論不能告訴任何人， 因?yàn)榧词顾话凳居羞@種想法，他都會(huì)受到強(qiáng)大的基督教會(huì)勢(shì)力的懲罰。
would have done表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)
If I had seen the advertisement, I would have applied for the job.我要是看見(jiàn)那個(gè)廣告，我就申請(qǐng)那份工作了。
虛擬語(yǔ)氣在條件從句中的用法:
If I had enough money, I would buy a car.
She would have come if we had invited her.
If it should rain/rained tomorrow, I should stay at home.
4.His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish the ideas, but Copernicus was cautious.他的朋友都熱情地鼓勵(lì)他把他的想法公之于眾，而他卻小心謹(jǐn)慎。
1) enthusiastic 熱心的，滿腔熱情地 v. enthuse 熱心 n. enthusiasm 狂熱，熱心，積極性 enthusiast 熱心者，熱情的人 adv. enthusiastically 熱心地，狂熱地
2) be enthusiastic about/over...對(duì)。。。熱情
She’s very enthusiastic about singing. 她對(duì)唱歌很有熱情。
be cautious about/of sb.(sth.)對(duì)。。。小心謹(jǐn)慎
5. complete adj.結(jié)束的；完成的；完整的 v.使完美；使完整；完成
I need one moer stamp to complete my collection.我所收集的郵票還差一張才成整套。 When will work be completed on the new road?新道路的工程何時(shí)完成？
6. reject v.拒絕；不接受；丟棄
He rejected their invitation point-blank.他直截了當(dāng)?shù)鼐芙^了他們的邀請(qǐng)。
Choose the good apples and reject the bad ones.挑好的蘋果，把壞的扔掉。
7. base sth. on 把...基于
The story is based on facts.這個(gè)故事是有事實(shí)根據(jù)的。
We should base our theory on facts. 我們的理論應(yīng)以事實(shí)為依據(jù)。
basis. 基礎(chǔ)；基本 basically adv.基本上 basic adj. 基本的
