議論文要求學(xué)生就某一方面的問題通過擺事實(shí)、講道理的方式來發(fā)表自己的看法。一般來說，議論文由論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)、論證三部分組成。要做到：1)論點(diǎn)要正確無誤。2)論據(jù)要可靠充分。論據(jù)可以是人們公認(rèn)的真理，也可以是經(jīng)過實(shí)踐考證的經(jīng)典著作。3)論證要合理嚴(yán)密。人們常用的論證方法有歸納法、推理法、對(duì)比法。議論文一般按提出問題、解決問題的邏輯順序來安排層次。
(一)議論文的寫作步驟
1、引言(introduction)：由于英語作文受時(shí)間、字?jǐn)?shù)的限制，因此，在引言段中作者就
必須簡(jiǎn)單解釋要討論的問題，并明白地亮出自己的觀點(diǎn)，如提倡什么，支持什么，反對(duì)
什么等。
2、展開段(supporting sentences)：展開段是議論的過程，作者必須有足夠的證據(jù)(adequate
proofs)來論證自己的觀點(diǎn)。一般可提出一個(gè)或兩個(gè)proofs, 并對(duì)此用一兩句話分別進(jìn)行
闡述。
3、結(jié)論(conclusion)：結(jié)論段可以用一兩句話來結(jié)束文章。同時(shí)要注意與引言段呼應(yīng)，
但不能照搬前面的原話。
(二)議論文的類型
英語議論文根據(jù)命題特點(diǎn)，從形式上來看可分為如下類型:
1、對(duì)問題“一分為二”的觀點(diǎn)。這類文章大多結(jié)合當(dāng)前時(shí)事，要求學(xué)生就某種現(xiàn)象談其利弊。如“轎車大量進(jìn)入家庭后，對(duì)家庭、環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)可能產(chǎn)生的影響”。此類文章的模式及套語如下，僅供參考：
第一段：nowadays more and more people…/… plays an important part in… like everything else… has /have both favorable and unfavorable aspects (both advantages and disadvantages). generally, the favorable aspects (advantages) can be listed as follows.第二段：
first…secondly…in addition(what’s more)…
第三段：
every coin has two sides. the negative aspects (advantages) are also apparent (obvious). to begin with… to make matters worse… worst of all…
第四段：
through above analysis/all things considered, we can see that the positive aspects(advantages) outweigh the negative aspects(disadvantages). therefore …
范文：討論電腦的利弊。
computers are playing a more and more important role in modern society. they are widely used almost in every field, such as business, transportation and education. we use computers to process and store all kinds of information. also, they are entering ordinary families. we use computers to control electrical appliances and to entertain ourselves by playing games on them. without computers, the world would not be what it is today.
in spite of this, computers cause problems. for instance, a great system will break down when only a single computer goes wrong. it is possible that somebody breaks into a computer system to steal secret information. we cannot rely so much on computers.
so we should develop more advanced and reliable computers in order to make our life more colorful and meaningful.
2、“兩者選一”的觀點(diǎn)。這要求學(xué)生在a和b之間作一選擇或比較，如“乘火車還是乘飛機(jī)”。
第一段：
some people hold the opinion that (a) is superior to (b) in many ways. others , however, argue that (b) is much better. personally, i would prefer (a) because (a) has more advantages.
第二段：
there are many reasons why i prefer (a). the main reason is that …. another reason is that…
第三段：
of course, choosing (b) also has advantages to some extent.(give one or two advantages of b)
第四段：but if all these factors are considered, (a) is much better that (b).from what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that…
3、“我認(rèn)為……”即“我的觀點(diǎn)”型。如“一些學(xué)生喜歡拿自己的同學(xué)開惡作劇的玩笑，談?wù)勀愕目捶��！?/p>
some of the students around us like playing practical jokes on others at school, but frankly speaking, i don’t think it’s wise to do this kind of thing, for they often lead to a lot of problems.
in my opinion, playing tricks on your classmates might ruin the friendship between you and your friends. as young students, we sometimes do something only for fun without thinking of others’ feelings. playing some jokes may more or less hurt your friends.
what’s more, playing tricks on others may do harm to their bodies. the victims of the jokes might suffer from severe pain not only mentally but also physically.
last but not least, humor has been well defined as thinking in fun while feeling in earnest.
if a person wants to make true friends, he must learn to foster the friendship which can enrich his life. he should learn to treat his friends sincerely and frankly, to give advice and to help whenever they need but never to` play meaningless practical jokes on them .
4、圖表作文。圖表式作文通過閱讀圖表中的數(shù)字與項(xiàng)目得出一個(gè)結(jié)論或形成一種看法。寫作要點(diǎn)：不需要把表中的數(shù)據(jù)一一列出，只要選幾個(gè)有代表性的數(shù)據(jù)加以敘述并結(jié)合數(shù)據(jù)抓住實(shí)質(zhì)簡(jiǎn)而議之。
下面的模式可供參考：
模式一：
第一段：
… is known as one of the most serious problems in today’s world, as is shown in the grapy,/according to the figures shown in the grapy,(表述圖表中的數(shù)字)
第二段：
(陳述理由)furthermore,(繼續(xù)陳述理由) as a result,(引起的后果…的減少或增長(zhǎng))(…experiencing a decrease/increase)
第三段： so i believe…will be achieved through efforts of every person.
模式二：
第一段：
from…we can see the increase/decrease(描述數(shù)字的句型)…was/added up to(數(shù)字) in(時(shí)間), while it increased/decreasedto(數(shù)字and數(shù)字) in (時(shí)間and時(shí)間) respectively. therefore, it can be predicted that …will further increase/decrease (is/are to be on the rise/decrease) in the future.
第二段：
there are chiefly three reasons for the rise/decrease. firstly…secondly…, apart from the above reasons…
第三段：
in spite of what is mentioned above, there are still… the grapy/table indicted… hence, the situation is still serious and how to …is still a challenging task.
5、看圖寫話。根據(jù)圖畫寫故事，伴之以簡(jiǎn)單議論或者簡(jiǎn)述圖畫內(nèi)容，透過現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)，以議論為主。
以XX年的高考作文為例。圖片上女兒在學(xué)騎自行車，奶奶、父親和一手拿著急救箱的母親三人滿頭大汗地扶著車，深怕女兒摔著了。圖片下有一行字：你們讓我自己騎好嗎?這仍是一個(gè)涉及到孩子怎樣獨(dú)立的問題。此類文章可采用以下的模式：
1. outline the reasons/the cause of the problem.
2. many ways can be used to solve this serious problem, but the following ones may be effective.
3. first of all…besides…/another way to solve the problem of …is…finally…
4. from my experience, i feel there is no shortcut in doing everything./ maybe these are not the best
or only measures we can take. but it should be noted that we should take great pains to…
