【一】
1. The most ancient festivals would celebrate the end of the cold weather, planting in spring and harvest in autumn. (Reading)
would在此表示過去的習(xí)慣性動作，可譯為“總會”。又如：
Whenever I went to see him, he would treat me with some home-made cakes.
每次我去看他，他總是用自制的糕點(diǎn)招待我。
would 還有以下用法：
(1) 表示意愿。如：
He wouldn’t let the doctor take his blood pressure.
他不愿意讓醫(yī)生量他的血壓。
(2) 表示猜測。如：
That would be in 1976, I think.
我想那大概是在1976年。
(3) 表示傾向。如：
The window wouldn’t open.
窗子怎么也打不開。
2. The most energetic and important festivals are the ones that look forward to the end of winter and to the coming of spring.(Reading)
look forward to指熱切地期盼著一件事或行動。此短語中的to是介詞，所以后面的賓語應(yīng)為名詞或動詞的-ing形式。如：
We are looking forward to my uncle’s visit with great pleasure.
我們高興地等著叔叔來作客。
We’re looking forward to seeing him again.
我們期望再見到他。
含有介詞to的動詞短語還有 lead to(導(dǎo)致，通向), be/get used to(習(xí)慣于), pay attention to(注意), devote...to(致力于，獻(xiàn)身于), prefer...to(喜歡……勝過……), get down to(開始認(rèn)真干某事)等。
3. The country is covered with cherry tree flowers so that it looks as though it might be covered with pink snow.(Reading)
as though和as if 意義相同，都表示“似乎”、“好像”之意。當(dāng)說話人認(rèn)為句子所述是不真實(shí)的或極少有可能發(fā)生或存在的情況時，as though / if 從句要用虛擬語氣。如：
He talked as if he knew all about it.
他說起來好像了解一切。
It seemed as if the day would never end.
似乎白天永遠(yuǎn)也過不完。
I feel as though I were ten years younger.
我覺得我仿佛年輕了十歲。
She looks as if she had not slept last night.
她看起來好像昨晚沒睡覺。
He talks about pyramids as though he had seen them himself.
他談起金字塔來，就像親眼見過似的。
當(dāng)說話人認(rèn)為所述的情況可能發(fā)生時，as though / if從句可用陳述語氣。如：
It seems as if our team is going to win.
看來我們隊(duì)要勝了。
It looks as if it is going to rain.
好像要下雨。
【二】
1. mean to do sth.打算做某事
mean (doing) sth 意味著做某事
be meant for打算給予……，打算做……用
(had) meant to do 本來打算做而實(shí)際上未做
by all means 可以，當(dāng)然行，沒問題
by means of 借助……的手段;依靠……方法
By no meant絕不，一點(diǎn)兒也不
2. take place發(fā)生
3. do harm/good有害處/好處
4. go to clean graves掃墓
5. in memory of 為了紀(jì)念……
in celebration of為了慶祝……
in favor of贊同……
in praise of為了表揚(yáng)……
6. in the shape of 以……的形狀
7. offer sb sth=offer sth to sb提供某人某物/某物給某人
offer to do sth主動提出做某事/建議將做某事
offer (sb) money for sth(向某人)出價多少買某物
offer (sb) sth for money(向某人)開價多少賣某物
8. dress up裝扮
9. play a trick/tricks on=play a joke/jokes on開玩笑
10. the arrival of……的回歸
11. gain independence獲得獨(dú)立
12. the agricultural work農(nóng)活
13. decorate… with用……裝飾……
14. win awards贏得獎品
15. admire the moon賞月
admire sb for sth因?yàn)椤w慕某人
16. look forward to doing sth期待做某事
17. day and night日日夜夜
18. colourful clothing of all kinds各種各樣的漂亮的衣服
19. as though/if好像
20. be covered with被……覆蓋
21. have fun with取樂
22. a worldwide holiday全世界的節(jié)日
23. turn up/away/back/down/in/off/on/out/over/to出現(xiàn)/拒絕/原路返回/關(guān)小，拒絕/上交/轉(zhuǎn)變;關(guān)掉/打開/證明是;生產(chǎn)/翻轉(zhuǎn)/轉(zhuǎn)向;求助于
in turn輪流/反過來
take turns to do sth/in doing sth輪流做某事
do sth by turns輪流干某事
24. laugh at 嘲笑
make fun of取笑
25. keep one’s word/promise守信用，履行諾言
26. hold one’s breath屏住呼吸
27. It is obvious that很明顯……
28. wipe the table擦桌子
29. fall in love with sb愛上某人
be in love相愛(與表示一段時間的動詞連用)
get married/be married to sb/ marry sb與某人結(jié)婚
30. once a year一年一次
31. set off出發(fā)
set about著手開始
set…against把……與……比較/對比
set back 使……后退，阻礙，撥慢(鐘表)
set forward前進(jìn)，促進(jìn)，撥快(鐘表)
set down 寫下
set out動身，出發(fā);攤開，陳列;表述(理由)
32. throw…away扔掉
33. remind…of 使……想起……
remind sb to do sth提醒某人干某事
34. forgive sb原諒某人
35. a kind of +n.(s./pl.)+V(單)一種
kinds of +n.(s./pl)+V(復(fù))各種各樣的
36. hold back阻止，退縮
hold on to 抓住，不賣掉，不放棄
hold on 等一等，請稍等，堅(jiān)持，忍受著
hold up 舉起，拿起，延誤，使停頓
hold out伸出
37. starve for渴望，缺乏
starve to death餓死
38. important religious festival重要的宗教性節(jié)日
39. light lamps點(diǎn)燈
40. apologize to sb for (doing) sth因某事向某人道歉
=say sorry to sb for sth
=make/offer an apologize to sb for (doing) sth
apologize to sb for sb替某人向某人道歉
【三】
provide提供
例如：Local bands provide music for dancing. 當(dāng)?shù)氐臉逢?duì)為跳舞伴樂。
keep one’s mind保持頭腦清醒
例如：Keep your mind awake and active.
lose one’s balance失去平衡
例如：How long can you stand on one leg before you lose your balance?
在失去平衡之前,你能閉眼單腳獨(dú)立站多久?
on balance 總的來說
例如：I think on balance he gets more right than he gets wrong.
我認(rèn)為，總的說來，他的正確之處多于錯誤之處。
