【一】
一、過(guò)去分詞
過(guò)去分詞兼有動(dòng)詞、副詞和形容詞的特征，可以帶賓語(yǔ)或受狀語(yǔ)修飾。過(guò)去分詞和賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)。它在句中可以作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。這節(jié)課講解作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)的用法。
1. 作定語(yǔ)
作定語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞如果是單詞，一般放在被修飾詞的前面；過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)，一般放在被修飾詞的后面。例如：
There are many fallen leaves on the ground.
This is a book written by a worker.
2. 作表語(yǔ)
過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ),多表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)。
I was pleased at the news.
The door remained locked.
過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于形容詞，常見(jiàn)的有：delighted, disappointed, astonished, interested, satisfied, surprised, tired, worried, excited, married 等。
過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，應(yīng)注意與被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別。系表結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)或具有的性質(zhì)、特點(diǎn)；被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作。
The small village is surrounded by trees.（狀態(tài)）
The small village was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers.（動(dòng)作）
I'm interested in chess.（狀態(tài)）
3. 過(guò)去分詞做狀語(yǔ)
①表時(shí)間，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)過(guò)去分詞前可加連詞 when 或 while 來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間概念。
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden.
Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.
②表原因，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。
Exhausted, the children fell asleep at once.
Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.
③表?xiàng)l件，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句，有時(shí)過(guò)去分詞前可用 if 等詞
Heated, water changes into steam.
Given another chance, he will do better.
④表讓步，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)though/although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。
Laughed at by many people, he continued his study.
⑤表伴隨，說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或情況。
Surrounded by a group of pupils, the old teacher walked into the classroom.
The trainer appeared, followed by five little dogs.
倒裝句：
一、here, there, now, then, thus 等副詞置于句首, 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用 be, come, go, lie, run。
There goes the bell. 鈴聲響了。
Then came the chairman. 主席來(lái)了。
Here is your letter. 你的信。
二、否定詞置于句首，句子應(yīng)進(jìn)行倒裝。 neither 放句首
Tod can't swim, neither can I. 托德不會(huì)游泳，我也不會(huì)。
用于 never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, little, often, at no time, not only, not once, many a time 等詞開(kāi)頭的句子。
Never shall I go there again. 我再也不去那了。
Little did he know who the woman was.他基本上不知道那女人是誰(shuí)。
Seldom was he late for class.他很少上學(xué)遲到。
用于 no sooner ... than ..., hardly... when... 和 not until... 的句型中
Hardly had I reached the station when the train left. 我剛到車(chē)站,火車(chē)就離開(kāi)了。
No sooner had she gone out than the phone rang. 她剛離開(kāi),電話就響了。
Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework. 直到老師來(lái)，他才完成作業(yè)。
三、用于 only 放句首，修飾副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句的句子。
Only in this way can you master English well. 只有這種方法，你才能學(xué)好英語(yǔ)。
Only that time did he do his homework. 直到哪個(gè)時(shí)間，他才做作業(yè)。
Only when he told me did I realize what trouble I was in.
省略句：
一、省略的目的
省略多見(jiàn)于非正式文體，尤其在對(duì)話中，省略是一種普遍的現(xiàn)象。英語(yǔ)中的省略一般說(shuō)來(lái)有三個(gè)目的：
1．避免重復(fù)，減少累贅。省略的主要目的是避免重復(fù)，去掉不必要的累贅和繁瑣。
Mike said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he didn't come to school to see me the next day.
Mike said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he didn't.
（省掉后九個(gè)詞，句子簡(jiǎn)潔了許多）
2．連接緊密，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊 省略也是使上下文緊密連接的一種修辭手段。
John was the winner in 1994 and Bob in 1998.（Bob 后省略了 was the winner，句子結(jié)構(gòu)顯得比較緊湊）
3．強(qiáng)調(diào)重點(diǎn)，突出信息 省略的另一作用是突出新的信息
Truth speaks too low, hypocrisy too loud.后一分句省略謂語(yǔ) speaks，突出了 too loud）
二、句子成分的省略
為了避免重復(fù)，或者為了使某一內(nèi)容引人注目，可以省略某些句子成分而保持句子原意不變。
1．省略主語(yǔ)
Beg your pardon.請(qǐng)你原諒。（= I beg your pardon.））
Serves you right. 你活該（= It serves you right.）
2．省略謂語(yǔ)
Anything the matter? 要緊嗎？（= Is anything the matter?）
The river was deep and the ice thin. 河很深，冰很薄。
（= The river was deep and the ice was thin.）
3．省略表語(yǔ)
Are you ready? Yes,I am.（am 后面省略了表語(yǔ) ready）
4．省略賓語(yǔ)
We have to analyze and solve problems. (analyze 后省略了賓語(yǔ) problems)
Let's do the dishes. I'll wash and you'll dry.（wash 和 dry 后面省略了賓語(yǔ) dishes）
5．省略定語(yǔ)
He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved.（the rest 后面省略了定語(yǔ) of the money）
6．省略狀語(yǔ)
（Even）The wisest man cannot know everything.
省略在句子中的應(yīng)用
在一個(gè)句子中，省略可分為依賴(lài)上下文省略和不依賴(lài)上下文省略?xún)煞N。前者省略的部分可在句子中找到，但后者可能找不到。
1．簡(jiǎn)單句中的省略
依賴(lài)上下文的省略在對(duì)話中為常用。
Like more beer?（= Would you like more beer?）
—World you mind if I used your telephone?
—Not at all. 一點(diǎn)也不。
（= I do not mind at all.）
—Will he pass this examination?
Probably. 大概會(huì)的。（= He will probably pass the examination.）
不依賴(lài)于上下文的省略。
All aboard! 請(qǐng)上船（= All go aboard.省略謂語(yǔ)）
Haven't seen you for ages!（省略主語(yǔ) I）
What about having a game of chess?
Sounds like a good idea.
2．并列句中的省略
（=It sounds like a good idea. 省略主語(yǔ)）
Everybody appears well prepared.
（= Everybady appears to be well prepared. 省略不定式 to be）
并列句中如果前后分句有相同的部分，常�？梢允÷缘�，以避免重復(fù)。通常被省略的可以是主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或其他萬(wàn)分，或句子萬(wàn)分的一部分。
省略出現(xiàn)在后一分句
John likes collecting stamps but (John) hates listening to music.（省略主語(yǔ)）
省略出現(xiàn)在前一分句
We can (win tomorrow's match), and certainly will,win tomorrow's match.
我們能夠，而且一定會(huì)在明天的比賽中獲勝。（前一分句省略謂語(yǔ) + 賓語(yǔ)）
前后兩個(gè)分句都出現(xiàn)省略
They can (pay the full fee ) and (they)should pay the full fee.
復(fù)合句中的省略
在主從復(fù)合句中，活力的現(xiàn)象是很普遍的。
省略主句的句首部分。（I'm）Sorry I couldn't go.
省略整個(gè)主句或主句的一部分（回答問(wèn)題時(shí)常用）。
（It is a）Pity he's failed.
If he says he'll come, he will(come).
3．在一些狀語(yǔ)從句中，如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是 be，主語(yǔ)又和主句的主語(yǔ)一致，或者主語(yǔ)是 it，常常可以把從句中的主語(yǔ)和 be 省略掉。
以 when, while, once, until 等連詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。
When (you are) in Rome do as Rome does.入國(guó)問(wèn)禁，入鄉(xiāng)隨俗。
4．在比較從句中通常把和主句重復(fù)的部分省掉。
省略謂語(yǔ)的全部
James enjoys the theeartre more than Susun.
Tom has as many books as Jack.
省略主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的一部分
Brown speaks French as fluently as English. (as 后省略了 he speaks）省略表語(yǔ)部分
Mrs White is not so young as she looks.（looks 后省略了 young）
省略主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的大部分，保留狀語(yǔ)
He is working harder than before.（than 后省略了 he worked hard）
省略主語(yǔ)
He drank a little more than was good for him.（than 后省略了 it）省略賓語(yǔ)
You spent more money than I had expected.（expected 后省略了that you should spend）
省略從句的全部
You are getting slimmer. simmer 后省略了than you were before）
主句和從句中可同時(shí)省略一些成分。
The sooner (this is done), the better(it will be).
【二】
1. first aid 的意思是“急救”，例如：first aid to the injured 給予傷員的急救。
短語(yǔ)聯(lián)想
give/offer aid 援助 come to sb's aid 幫助某人
teaching aids 教具 medical aid 醫(yī)療救護(hù)
with the aid of 借助于
get injured 受傷，在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中大量地出現(xiàn)了由“get + 及物動(dòng)詞不達(dá)意的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，這叫 get - 型被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。又如：
The computer got (was)damaged when we were moving.
My bike is getting (is being)repaired row.
2. Protect 動(dòng)詞，“保護(hù)、維護(hù)”，用于句式“protect + 名詞 + against/from + 名詞”。
e.g. He is wearing sunglasses to protect his eyes from the strong sunlight.
【短語(yǔ)聯(lián)想】
Ø Keep... from... 不讓/避免
Ø stop... (from) ... 阻止
Ø prevent...(from) ... 妨礙/防止
Ødisable... from... 使……失去（能力/資格）
Øsave... from... 挽救、拯救
3.depend on 取決于。
e.g. The amount you pay depends on where you live.詞義拓展
depend on 依靠，依賴(lài)：His family depends on him. 他的一家人全靠他養(yǎng)活。
依賴(lài)，信任：We are depending on you to finish the job by Friday.
4. squeeze 動(dòng)詞，意思是“榨取”、“擠出”，例如：squeeze an orange 榨橘子
squeeze + 名詞 + out(of/from) + 名詞，
e.g. Those blackmailers intended to squeeze more money out of him.
5. hurt 既可作及物動(dòng)詞，作“傷害”、“使受傷”解，也可作不及物動(dòng)詞，作“疼痛”、“感到疼痛”解。既可表達(dá)身體的受傷，也可以表達(dá)情感的傷害。例如：
e.g. The little boy has fallen off a ladder and hurt himself.
The driver hurt himself in the accident. 司機(jī)在事故中受了傷。
6. unless 除非……；如果不……。如：
7. icy adj. 冰涼的
-y 是個(gè)形容詞后綴。如：
windy 有風(fēng)的 hilly 多小山的 sleepy 困倦的
greeny 略呈綠色 spicy 辛辣的 woody 樹(shù)木茂密的
thirsty 饑渴的 dirty 臟的 snowy 下雪的
8. in place 放在適當(dāng)?shù)牡胤健Ｈ纾?br>e.g. The librarian put the returned books in place. 圖書(shū)管理員把還回的圖書(shū)放到原處。
Yon'd better put things back in place.Otherwise, it will be difficult to find things.
9. sense n. 感覺(jué)
Øsense of touch 觸覺(jué) sense of sight 視覺(jué)
Ø sense of hearing 聽(tīng)覺(jué) sense of smell 嗅覺(jué)
Ø sense of humour 幽默感 sense of beauty 美感
Øense of hunger 饑餓感 the sixth sense 第六感
10. variety n. 多樣, 種類(lèi),
★ a variety of… 各種各樣……
【詞語(yǔ)聯(lián)想】
various a. 不同的, 各種的, 多方面的, 許多的
e.g. Everyone arrived late at the party for various reasons.
