高二下冊(cè)單元復(fù)習(xí)知識(shí)點(diǎn)（一）
1. The French writer Jules Verne wrote famous books, such as 20, 000 Leagues Under the Sea and Around the World in 80 days.法國(guó)作家儒勒?凡爾納寫了很多書籍，比如《海底兩萬里》和《八十天環(huán)游地球》。
(1)Jules Verne 儒勒?凡爾納。法國(guó)科學(xué)幻想家和冒險(xiǎn)小說家。
(2)such as
①like; for example 像;諸如;例如 eg:Wild flowers such as orchids and primroses are becoming rare.
蘭花和報(bào)春花之類的野花越來越少了。
②everything that凡是 eg:Such as remains after tax will be yours when I die.
我死后全部財(cái)產(chǎn)除了交稅以外全部給你。
(3)league [li g] n.
① former measure of distance (about 3 miles or 4.8 km) 里格(舊時(shí)長(zhǎng)度單位，約3英里或4.8公里)。 eg:The horse can run 50 leagues a day. 這匹馬一天能跑240公里。
②group of people or countries combined for a particular purpose 聯(lián)盟;同盟 eg:The League of Nations is an international organization.
國(guó)際聯(lián)盟是一個(gè)國(guó)際組織。
2. Try the small science quiz below to see if you know any better. 試試下面的科學(xué)小測(cè)驗(yàn)，看看你是否了解得多些。
any better 更好
any [′anI] adv. (used with faster, slower, better, etc. , in questions and after if/whether 用于疑問句中，與faster, slower, better等連用;用于if/whether之后)to any degree; at all在任何程度上;絲毫 eg:
I can’t run any faster. 我無法跑得更快了。
Is your father any better? 你父親有所好轉(zhuǎn)了嗎?
3. What is the distance from the earth to the moon? 地球到月球的距離是多少?
(1) distance [′dIst ns] n. [C, U]
① (amount of) space between two points or places 距離;間距
A good cyclist can cover a distance of over a hundred miles a day.
自行車騎得好的人一天可以行駛一百多英里。
②distant place or point 遠(yuǎn)處;遠(yuǎn)方 eg:
At a distance of six miles you can’t see much.
距離六英里以外的東西很難看清。
(2) at a distance (稍)遠(yuǎn)處，表示一定的距離，近距離或用以說明具體的距離，其不定冠詞a有時(shí)可以略去或改用some。 eg:This picture looks better at a distance. 這幅畫遠(yuǎn)看就好些。
(3) in the distance (far away) 在(較)遠(yuǎn)處，強(qiáng)調(diào)距離之遠(yuǎn)。 eg:They were expecting to see in the distance some signs of the enemy.
他們期望著發(fā)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)處敵人的跡象。
(4) keep sb. at a distance 與某人保持一定距離;不愿與某人親近 eg:He always keeps anyone at a distance. 他總是不愿與任何人親近：
4. How fast does a balloon travel? How about an airplane? How about a space shuttle?
一只氣球能走多快?一架飛機(jī)呢?還有一架航天飛機(jī)呢?
(1)ballon [b ′lu n]
①n. brightly-coloured rubber bag that is filled with air, used as a child’s toy or a decoration(用作玩具或裝飾品的)氣球 eg:They bought their son a lot of balloons yesterday.
昨天他們給他們的兒子買了很多氣球。
②v. swell out like a balloon 如氣球一般膨脹 eg:Her skirt ballooned in the wind. 她的裙子讓風(fēng)吹得鼓起來了。
③go ballooning 乘氣球 eg:They like to go ballooning at weekends. 他們周末喜歡乘氣球玩。
(2)How/What about …?……怎么樣?常常用來打聽消息或提出建議，征求對(duì)方意見，后接名詞，代詞或動(dòng)名詞。 eg:How about your mother? Does she feel better today?
你媽媽怎么樣聽?她今天覺得好點(diǎn)兒了嗎?
(3)space shuttle—spacecraft designed for repeated use, eg between earth and a space station or the moon 航天飛機(jī);太空穿梭機(jī) eg:I have never seen a space shuttle. 我從未看見過航天飛機(jī)。
高二下冊(cè)單元復(fù)習(xí)知識(shí)點(diǎn)（二）
(一)單元內(nèi)容介紹與分析：
學(xué)習(xí)材料：聽力”(Listening)部分提供了一段演說詞，談到了地球所面臨的問題。第一部分要求學(xué)生通過聽弄清說話者的觀點(diǎn)，并根據(jù)所聽內(nèi)容預(yù)測(cè)下文;第二部分要求學(xué)生列出說話人的觀點(diǎn)等，然后預(yù)測(cè)下文。
“閱讀”(Reading)部分是一篇關(guān)于“地球峰會(huì)”的介紹性文章。文章介紹了2002年在南非首都約翰內(nèi)斯堡召開的“地球峰會(huì)(The Earth Summit)”的基本情況，包括會(huì)議召開的背景、會(huì)議的主題以及與會(huì)者所討論的主要問題和提出的解決辦法等。通過對(duì)該文章的閱讀，可以豐富學(xué)生有關(guān)本單元主題的語言和信息。
“綜合技能”部分設(shè)計(jì)了聽、說、寫的活動(dòng)，以寫為主線。聽的內(nèi)容是“地球峰會(huì)”上的兩篇發(fā)言。在聽的基礎(chǔ)上，要求學(xué)生陳述他們的觀點(diǎn)。寫的活動(dòng)包括聽中補(bǔ)充提綱，聽后寫要點(diǎn)、提綱以及說后寫段落，環(huán)環(huán)相扣，層層深入。
“語言學(xué)習(xí)”：掌握有關(guān)倒裝句的幾個(gè)常用結(jié)構(gòu)。
(二)詞匯學(xué)習(xí)：
運(yùn)用構(gòu)詞知識(shí)理解下列單詞：
ecology;environmentalist;sustainable;killer;equality;fairness;responsibility;cooperation;willingness;incorrect
(三)重點(diǎn)詞匯與短語的用法：
1. issue：?jiǎn)栴};爭(zhēng)議;發(fā)行;分配，期刊
You will attend the meeting and discuss the issue.
I just got a rise, so money is no longer an issue.
Unemployment is not the issue-the real problem is the decline in public morality.
The article will appear in the next months issue.
The post office issued the stamps last week.
2. content：內(nèi)容;目錄;容量;滿足;滿意
Without reading the text, try to predict its content.
The content of your essay is excellent, but it’s not very well expressed.
注意表達(dá)“滿足，滿意”的短語：
be content with sth.
be content to do sth.
He is content with life.
John seems content to sit in front of the television all night.
3. access：接近;進(jìn)入;接近……的方法;到達(dá)……的權(quán)利
20% of the people on earth do not have access to clean drinking water.
The house is in the center part of the town with good access to the shops.
Hospitals should give patients the right of access to their medical records.
All the branch managers can access the data bank of the general office.
4. responsibility：責(zé)任;責(zé)任心;職責(zé)
Rich countries have a responsibility towards poor countries and must do whatever they can to help others.
Taking care of family is a big responsibility.
注意構(gòu)詞形式：responsibility的形容詞形式為responsible;常見短語是：be responsible for：替/對(duì)……負(fù)責(zé)。
She is my student, and I must be responsible for her.
5. in harmony with：與…協(xié)調(diào)/和諧;反義詞out of harmony with
With better education, people will be able to build a better Society in harmony with nature and perhaps put an end to the death and sufferings caused by the big three.
His tastes are in harmony with mine.
Bob and I worked together in harmony for years.
6. put an end to：結(jié)束
We must put an end to this foolish behaviour.
The chief task of the moment is to put an end to the terrible pollution in the rivers.
(四)辨析下列單詞(近義詞)
1. affect / effect
affect：動(dòng)詞：影響;感動(dòng);侵襲
effect：名詞：影響，效果;常見短語：have an effect on sb./ sth.
What we do is important because it affects the environment.
All the people in the room were affected to tears.
The medicine has little effect on the old man.
2. defend / protect / guard
defend：用武力或其他措施保護(hù)人們不受損害。辯護(hù)。
protect：用各種安全防御措施盡力照顧某人不受損害。
guard： 留心守望，警戒
Make sure that you are ready to answer questions and defend your argument.
It is the duty of every Chinese citizen to defend motherland.
Clothes protect us from cold.
Tow big dogs guard the farm.
(五)重，難點(diǎn)句的解釋與分析
1. One of the main themes Of the summit was “sustainable development’，or the question of how we can continue developing the world without damaging the environment.
其主題之一是“可持續(xù)發(fā)展”，也就是如何在不破壞環(huán)境的情況下使世界繼續(xù)發(fā)展的問題。
(1)句中or意為“也就是：即”，用于補(bǔ)充說明上文的內(nèi)容。例如：
The company is paying the rent or at least Contributing to it or的用法很多，除了上述的意思外，常見的還有：
Don’t put anything plastic in the oven or it will probably start melting.
Are you going with your parents or by yourself ?
(2)without doing結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中作狀語，表示“在沒發(fā)生……情況下”。
They left the school in a hurry, without saying goodbye to anyone.
2. Air pollution alone causes almost three million deaths.
僅空氣污染就造成了近三百萬人死亡。
(1)alone在此是副詞，用在名詞或代詞后面，表示“只，只有;僅僅”。
He alone is not responsible for it.
Money alone cannot make you happy.
alone還可以解釋“單獨(dú)地;獨(dú)自地”。
He likes to go it alone in everything.
alone作形容詞時(shí)，解釋“單獨(dú)的; 的：獨(dú)一無二的”，在句子作表語。
I am not alone in this opinion.
(2)deaths：可數(shù)名詞：死亡的人數(shù)。不可數(shù)名詞指：死亡。
3. If we are to develop the world successfully, we must make sure that everyone is able to take part in the new world we create.
如果我們要成功地開發(fā)世界，就必須確保人人都能夠參與我們創(chuàng)造的新世界。
be +to do sth這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)常常表示安排，命令、職責(zé)、義務(wù)、目的、用途，可能性、命中注定等含義。例如：
We are to meet at the school gate.
You are to be back by 10 oclock.
The prize is to honour him for his great discovery.
4. Richer countries have a responsibility towards poorer countries and must do whatever they can to help others.
富國(guó)對(duì)于窮國(guó)負(fù)有責(zé)任，他們必須盡可能地幫助其他國(guó)家。
do whatever one can相當(dāng)于do what one can，只是前者的語氣更強(qiáng)。
(六)閱讀材料中的典型倒裝句：
1. Without international cooperation, developing countries cannot prosper, nor will sustainable development be possible.
沒有國(guó)際合作，發(fā)展中國(guó)家合作就不可能繁榮，可持續(xù)發(fā)展也就不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)。
由nor，neither，not，hardly，seldom, never等表示否定意思的詞位于句首時(shí)，句子采用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。部分倒裝類似一般疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)。
Never have I met him.
Seldom have we seen such big melons.
Hardly had she entered the house when she heard the dog barking.
2. Only by changing the way we live can we save the earth.
只有我們改變自己的生活方式，才能拯救地球。
由“only+狀語”結(jié)構(gòu)位于句首，句子也需采用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。
Only in this way can you work out the maths problem.
Only when Tom returns this afternoon will the meeting began.
3. Had I known that air conditioners cause so much pollution, 1 would never have bought one.
要是我以前知道空調(diào)會(huì)造成大量的污染，我就不會(huì)買它了。
這是一個(gè)含有虛擬語氣結(jié)構(gòu)的句子，其中條件句的引導(dǎo)詞if被省略，按照倒裝句的規(guī)則，采用部分倒裝句。原結(jié)構(gòu)是
If I had known that air conditioners cause so much pollution, 1 would never have bought one.
4. A better understanding of the environment is necessary, as is the willingness to act.
更好地了解環(huán)保是必要的，行動(dòng)的愿望也是必要的。
as相當(dāng)于so：通常表達(dá)“……也是一樣”可以說：as / so is(was ; does; do; did….)+主語。
He believed, as did all his family, that God would bless them.
