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新概念第四冊(cè)課文翻譯及學(xué)習(xí)筆記Lesson31
【課文】
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
What do you have to be able to do to appreciate sculpture?
Appreciation of sculpture depends upon the ability to respond to form in three dimension. That is perhaps why sculpture has been desc ribed as the most difficult of all arts; certainly it is more difficult than the arts which involve appreciation of flat forms, shape in only two dimensions. Many more people are 'form-blind' than colour-blind. The child learning to see, first distinguishes only two-dimensional shape; it cannot judge distances, depths. Later, for its personal safety and practical needs, it has to develop (partly by means of touch) the ability to judge roughly three-dimensonal distances. But having satisfied the requirements of practical necessity, most people go no further. Though they may attain considerable accuracy in the perception of flat form, they do not make the further intellectual and emotional effort needed to comprehend form in its full spatial existence.
This is what the sculptor must do. He must strive continually to think of, and use, form in its full spatial completeness. He gets the solid shape, as it were, inside his head-he thinks of it, whatever its size, as if he were holding it completely enclosed in the hollow of his hand. He mentally visualizes a complex form from all round itself; he knows while he looks at one side what the other side is like, he identifies himself with its centre of gravity, its mass, its weight; he realizes its volume, as the space that the shape displaces in the air.
And the sensitive observer of sculpture must also learn to feel shape simply as shape, not as des cription or reminiscence. He must, for example, perceive an egg as a simple single solid shape, quite apart from its significance as food, or from the literary idea that it will become a bird. And so with solids such as a shell, a nut, a plum, a pear, a tadpole, a mushroom, a mountain peak, a kidney, a carrot, a tree-trunk, a bird, a bud, a lark, a ladybird, a bulrush, a bone. From these he can go on to appreciate more complex forms or combinations of several forms.
HENRY MOORE The Sculptor Speaks from The Listener
【New words and expressions 生詞和短語】
auditory adj. 聽覺的
colour-blind adj. 色盲的
perception n. 知覺
comprehend v. 理解
spatial adj. 空間
visualize v. 使具形象，設(shè)想
reminiscence n. 回憶，聯(lián)想
tadpole n. 蝌蚪
mushroom n. 蘑菇
carrot n. 胡蘿卜
bud n. 花蕾
lark n. 云雀
ladybird n. 瓢蟲
bulrush n. 蘆葦
【課文注釋】
1.respond to 響應(yīng)， 對(duì) … 起反應(yīng)
例句：He resolved to respond to the call of the Party.
他決心響應(yīng)黨的號(hào)召。
The patient did not respond to treatment.
病人經(jīng)治療后未見起色。
2.form-blind, 這是作者仿照colour-blind生造的一個(gè)詞，意指“形盲”。
3.distinguish vt. 區(qū)別， 辨認(rèn)， 使顯著
例句：Speeches distinguish human beings from animals.
人類和動(dòng)物的區(qū)別在于人會(huì)說話。
She distinguished herself by her coolness and bravery.
她因頭腦冷靜、敢作敢為而為人稱道。
【詞義辨析】
discern, disc riminate, distinguish這些動(dòng)詞均有“區(qū)別、辨別”之意。
discern: 語義較籠統(tǒng)，著重精深與準(zhǔn)確的觀察力，不一定有能力辨別關(guān)系密切的各項(xiàng)事物。
disc riminate: 語氣強(qiáng)，指從十分相似的事物中辨出差異，尤其把好壞區(qū)分開來。
distinguish: 普通用詞，指辨別者的能力或?qū)嶋H觀察到的區(qū)別，強(qiáng)調(diào)辨別所需的技巧。
4.two-dimensional 二維的
5.comprehend vt. 充分理解， 領(lǐng)悟， 包括
例句：I cannot comprehend this phrase.
我無法理解這個(gè)片語。
If you can use a word correctly and effectively you comprehend it.
你如果可以正確有效地使用一個(gè)詞，你就是了解它了。
【詞義辨析】
know, learn, comprehend, understand這些動(dòng)詞都含“懂、知道、明了”之意。
know: 普通用詞，多指通過學(xué)習(xí)、經(jīng)驗(yàn)或他人傳播而得到知識(shí)，含直接知道的意味。
learn: 通常指通過他人而獲得消息或情況，側(cè)重從不知到知的變化過程。
comprehend: 側(cè)重熟悉了解的過程。
understand: 指對(duì)事物已有徹底的認(rèn)識(shí)，不僅知其性質(zhì)、含義和細(xì)節(jié)，而且了解其內(nèi)外的關(guān)系。
understand, comprehend, appreciate, apprehend, grasp這些動(dòng)詞均有“理解”之意。
understand: 一般用詞，很常用，指對(duì)事實(shí)或意義知道得很清楚。
comprehend: 較正式用詞，指對(duì)較復(fù)雜的事物能透徹理解其意義。
appreciate: 欣賞，指對(duì)某事物或意義有正確的認(rèn)識(shí)，對(duì)其價(jià)值的肯定。
apprehend: 指知道某事物或某觀念的大概意義，但未能理解其內(nèi)涵意義，暗含一知半解意味。
grasp: 從本義抓緊、抓住，引申作“理解、掌握”。
6.in its full spatial existence 存在于空間的整個(gè)(形體)。
spatial adj. 空間的
例句：Fluctuations are spatial and temporal in character.
這種波動(dòng)的特點(diǎn)是空間性和瞬時(shí)性的。
7.strive to 爭取， 追求
例句：Let us strive, I beseech you,--let us strive to be cheerful.
讓我們奮斗吧，我求求你——讓我們用奮斗去尋找快樂吧。
8.as it were 可以說是
例句：He is my best friend, my brother, as it were.
他是我好的朋友，可以說是我的兄弟。
He is, as it were, a walking dictionary.
他可說是個(gè)活字典。
9.whatever its size, 這是一個(gè)省略了may be的讓步狀語從句。
10.visualize v. 使 … 看得見，形象化，設(shè)想
例句： I remember meeting him but I just can't visualize him.
我記得我見過他，可就是想不起他的樣子了。
11.from all round itself 從它的各個(gè)角度構(gòu)想。
12.identify vt. 鑒定， 識(shí)別， 認(rèn)明
例句：Can you identify your umbrella among this lot?
你能在這些傘中認(rèn)出你自己的傘嗎?
One can not identify happiness with wealth.
幸福和財(cái)富不能混為一談。
【詞義辨析】
identify, recognize, make out這些動(dòng)詞均含“認(rèn)出、識(shí)別”之意。
identify: 指辨別、確定人的身份或物品的歸屬等。
recognize: 指所辨認(rèn)的人或物多是以前所熟悉的。
make out: 通常指通過人的感覺器官來辨別事物。
【錯(cuò)句舉例與錯(cuò)句分析】
錯(cuò)句：The police identified Mary.
訂正：The police identified her as Mary.
翻譯：警察認(rèn)出她是瑪麗。
分析：identify指“識(shí)別，鑒別”時(shí)，與介詞as連用。
13.centre of gravity 重心
14.reminiscence n. 回想，回憶，記憶力
例句：He has a pleasant reminiscence of his college life.
他對(duì)大學(xué)生活有著幸福的回憶。
15.apart from 缺少，除……以外，且不說
例句：It's a good piece of work, apart from a few slight faults.
除了一些小缺點(diǎn)之外，這不失為一件漂亮的工作。
【參考譯文】
對(duì)雕塑的鑒賞力取決于對(duì)立體的反應(yīng)能力。雕塑被說成是所有藝術(shù)中難的藝術(shù)，可能就是這個(gè)道理。欣賞雕塑品當(dāng)然比欣賞平面的藝術(shù)品要難。“形盲”的人數(shù)比“色盲”的人數(shù)要多得多。正在學(xué)看東西的兒童起初只會(huì)分辨二維形態(tài)，不會(huì)判斷距離和深度。慢慢地，由于自身安全和實(shí)際需要，兒童必須發(fā)展(部分通過觸覺)粗略判斷三維空間距離的能力。但是。大部分人在滿足了實(shí)際需要后，就不再繼續(xù)發(fā)展這種能力了。雖然他們對(duì)平面形式的感覺能達(dá)到相當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確的程度，但他們沒有在智力和感情上進(jìn)一步努力去理解存在于空間的整個(gè)形態(tài)。
而雕塑家就必須做到這一點(diǎn)。他必須勤于想像并且利用形體在空間中的完整性�？梢哉f，當(dāng)他想像一個(gè)物體時(shí)，不管其大小如何，他腦子里得到的是一個(gè)立體的概念，就好像完全握在自己手心里一樣。他的大腦能從物體周圍的各個(gè)角度勾畫出其復(fù)雜的形象，他看物體的一邊時(shí)，便知道另一邊是個(gè)什么樣子。他把自身和物體重心、質(zhì)量、重量融為一體。他能意識(shí)到物體的體積，那就是它的形狀在空氣中所占的空間。
因此，敏銳的雕塑觀賞者也必須學(xué)會(huì)把形體作為形體來感覺，不要靠描述和印象去想象。以鳥蛋為例。觀賞者必須感覺到它是一個(gè)單一的實(shí)體形態(tài)，而完全不靠它的食用意義或它會(huì)變成鳥這樣的文字概念來感覺。對(duì)于其他實(shí)體，如，貝殼、核桃、李子、梨子、蝌蚪、蘑菇、山峰、腎臟、胡蘿卜、樹干、鳥兒、花蕾、云雀、瓢蟲、蘆葦以及骨頭也應(yīng)這樣來感覺。從這些形體出發(fā)，觀賞者可進(jìn)一步觀察更為復(fù)雜的形體或若干形體的組合。
新概念第四冊(cè)課文翻譯及學(xué)習(xí)筆記Lesson32
【課文】
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
What has modified out traditional view of Galileo in recent times?
In his own lifetime Galileo was the centre of violent controversy; but the scientific dust has long since settled, and today we can see even his famous clash with the Inquisition in something like its proper perspective. But, in contrast, it is only in modern times that Galileo has become a problem child for historians of science.
The old view of Galileo was delightfully uncomplicated. He was, above all, a man who experimented: who despised the prejudices and book learning of the Aristotelians, who put his questions to nature instead of to the ancients, and who drew his conclusions fearlessly. He had been the first to turn a telescope to the sky, and he had seen their evidence enough to overthrow Aristotle and Ptolemy together. He was the man who climbed the Leaning Tower of Pisa and dropped various weights from the top, who rolled balls down inclined planes, and then generalized the results of his many experiments into the famous law of free fall.
But a closer study of the evidence, supported by a deeper sense of the period, and particularly by a new consciousness of the philosophical undercurrents in the scientific revolution, has profoundly modified this view of Galileo. Today, although the old Galileo lives on in many popular writings, among historians of science a new and more sophisticated picture has emerged. At the same time our sympathy for Galileo's opponents has grown somewhat. His telescopic observations are justly immortal; they aroused great interest at the time, they had important theoretical consequences, and they provided a striking demonstration of the potentialities hidden in instruments and apparatus. But can we blame those who looked and failed to see what Galileo saw, if we remember that to use a telescope at the limit of its powers calls for long experience and intimate familiarity with one's instrument? Was the philosopher who refused to look through Galileo's telescope more culpable than those who alleged that the spiral nebulae observed with Lord Rosse's great telescope in the eighteen-forties were s cratches left by the grinder? We can perhaps forgive those who said the moons of Jupiter were produced by Galileo's spyglass if we recall that in his day, as for centuries before, curved glass was the popular contrivance for producing not truth but illusion, untruth; and if a single curved glass would distort nature, how much more would a pair of them?
MICHAEL HOSKIN Galileo Reborn from The Listener
【New words and expressions 生詞和短語】
controversy n. 爭議，爭論
dust n. 糾紛，騷動(dòng)
clash n. 沖突
Inquisition n. (羅馬天主教的)宗教法庭
perspective n. 觀點(diǎn)，看法
despise v. 蔑視
generalize v. 歸納
undercurrent n. 潛流
apparatus n.器官, 機(jī)構(gòu),儀器
theoretical adj. 理論上的
potentiality n. 潛能
intimate adj. 詳盡的
familiarity n. 熟悉的
culpable adj. 應(yīng)受遣責(zé)的
Aristotelian n. 亞里士多德學(xué)派的人
Aristotle n. 亞里士多德(公元前384-322，古希臘哲學(xué)家)
Ptolemy n. 托勒密(公元90-168，古希臘天文學(xué)家)
Leaning Tower of Pisa 比薩斜塔
spiral adj. 螺旋狀的
nebula n. 星云
sc ratch n. 擦痕
contrivance n. 器械
distort v. 歪曲
【課文注釋】
1.violent controversy 激烈論戰(zhàn)
controversy n. 爭議, (公開的)爭論
例句：The remark touched off a heated controversy.
這句話引起了熱烈的爭論。
【詞義辨析】
controversy, argument, conflict, debate, dispute, quarrel, strife 這組名詞均有“爭執(zhí)、不和”之意。
controversy: 側(cè)重指深刻的意見分歧，多指對(duì)引起廣泛興趣或非常重要的問題的辨論。
argument: 指辯論雙方均以事實(shí)或理由來說服對(duì)方的辨論。
conflict: 指雙方堅(jiān)持已見、互不妥協(xié)，懷有敵意的爭論，多暗示分歧極為嚴(yán)重，有時(shí)用語言無法解決，只得訴諸武力。
debate: 通常指經(jīng)過仔細(xì)組織和計(jì)劃的個(gè)人或團(tuán)體之間的辯論。
dispute: 普通用詞，側(cè)重指長時(shí)間，言詞激烈，針鋒相對(duì)的爭辯。
quarrel: 普通用詞，既可指言詞激烈的爭吵，也可指溫和的言詞上的不和。
strife: 指因不可緩和的矛盾而引起的爭吵或斗毆。
2.something like 多少，大約
3.a problem child 做定語，修飾child。這是一種比喻修辭法，意思是“新出現(xiàn)的問題”。
4.a man who... who...who...who...,這里一連用了4個(gè)定語從句，均用who引導(dǎo)，構(gòu)成了排比結(jié)構(gòu)，起加強(qiáng)語氣的作用。
5.despise vt. 輕視
例句：I despise his refusing to accept responsibility.
他拒不承擔(dān)責(zé)任，我鄙視他。
You must not despise a man because he is poor.
你不可因一個(gè)人貧窮而輕視他。
【詞義辨析】
despise, scorn, look down upon 這些動(dòng)詞或短語動(dòng)詞均表示“輕視，蔑視”之意。
despise: 指由于卑鄙、軟弱，渺小或無價(jià)值等而被輕視。
scorn: 語氣較強(qiáng)，指極端的蔑視，常伴有憤怒或惱怒的情感。
look down upon: 指自視地位優(yōu)越而蔑視他人或事。
6.overthrow v. *, *, *
例句：The rebels have overthrown the government.
反叛者已*了政府。
【詞義辨析】
conquer, overcome, overthrow, defeat, beat, subdue 這些動(dòng)詞均含“征服，戰(zhàn)勝”之意。
conquer : 側(cè)重戰(zhàn)勝和控制。書面用詞。
overcome : 多指戰(zhàn)勝或克服非物質(zhì)的東西，如困難和不良習(xí)慣等。語氣較弱也可指在斗爭或競爭中戰(zhàn)勝或壓倒對(duì)方。
overthrow : 指徹底擊敗對(duì)手，使其喪失力量和地位。
defeat : 普通用詞，多指在戰(zhàn)爭、比賽、競選或辯論中戰(zhàn)勝對(duì)手，側(cè)重勝利的暫時(shí)性。
beat : 口筆語均可用，可與defeat換用。
subdue : 正式用詞，與conquer同義，但強(qiáng)調(diào)失敗后的臣服狀態(tài);也可用作借喻，表克制、壓抑感情、欲望等。
7.generalize v. 概括, 歸納, 使一般化
例句：It is dangerous to generalize about people.
以偏概全地談?wù)撊耸俏ｋU(xiǎn)的。
8.at the time 當(dāng)時(shí)
9.use a telescope at the limit of its powers 用望遠(yuǎn)鏡的極限放大率。
10.intimate adj.
�、倬ǖ�,深入的,詳細(xì)的
例句：He has an intimate knowledge of American literature.
他精通美國文學(xué)。
�、谟H密的，私人的
例句：Both of them felt that they had become very intimate.
他倆都感到他們已經(jīng)相當(dāng)親密了。
11.culpable adj. 該責(zé)備的, 有罪的
例句：None of this necessarily means that Gap is a bad company, or culpable in the Saipan case.
這都不意味著蓋普是個(gè)差勁的公司，或者在西潘事件中是有罪的。
12.distort vt. 歪曲, 扭曲, 變形
例句：You have distorted my motives.
你曲解了我的動(dòng)機(jī)。
The bias of a reporter can easily distort the news.
記者的偏見很容易歪曲新聞的報(bào)導(dǎo)。
【參考譯文】
伽利略在世時(shí)是激烈論戰(zhàn)的中心。但是，自他逝世以來，那場科學(xué)上的紛爭早已平息了下來，甚至他和宗教法庭的沖突，我們今天也能正確如實(shí)地看待。但是相比之下，對(duì)于科學(xué)史家來說，伽利略只是在現(xiàn)代才變成了一個(gè)新的難題。
令人高興的是，過去對(duì)伽利略的看法并不復(fù)雜。他首先是個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)工作者，他蔑視亞里士多德學(xué)派的偏見和空洞的書本知識(shí)。他向自然界而不是向古人提出問題，并大膽地得出結(jié)論。他是第一個(gè)把望遠(yuǎn)鏡對(duì)準(zhǔn)天空的人，觀察到的論據(jù)足以把亞里士多德和托勒密一起*。他就是那個(gè)曾經(jīng)爬上比薩斜塔，從塔頂向下拋擲各種重物的人;他是那個(gè)使球體沿斜面向下滾動(dòng)，然后將多次實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果概括成的自由落體定律的人。
但是，對(duì)那個(gè)時(shí)代的深化了解，尤其是以科學(xué)家革命中哲學(xué)潛流的新意識(shí)為依據(jù)，進(jìn)一步仔細(xì)研究，就會(huì)極大地改變對(duì)伽利略的看法。今天，雖然已故的伽利略繼續(xù)活在許多通俗讀物中，但在科學(xué)史家中間，一個(gè)新的更加復(fù)雜的伽利略形象出現(xiàn)了。與此同時(shí)，我們對(duì)伽利略的反對(duì)派的同情也有所增加。伽利略用望遠(yuǎn)鏡所作的觀察確實(shí)是不朽的，這些觀察當(dāng)時(shí)引起人們極大的興趣，具有重要的理論意義，并充分顯示出了儀表和儀器的潛在力量。但是，如果我們想到，使用一架倍數(shù)有限的望遠(yuǎn)鏡需要長期的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和對(duì)自己儀器的熟悉程度，那么我們?cè)趺茨苋ヘ?zé)備觀察了天空但沒有看到伽利略所看到的東西的那些人呢?某位哲學(xué)家曾拒絕使用伽利略的望遠(yuǎn)鏡去觀察天空;到了19世紀(jì)40年代，有人硬把羅斯勛爵高倍望遠(yuǎn)鏡觀測到的螺旋狀星云說成是磨鏡工留下的磨痕。難道反對(duì)伽利略的哲學(xué)家比詆毀羅斯勛爵造謠者應(yīng)受到更大的譴責(zé)嗎?如果我們回想一下伽利略之前幾個(gè)世紀(jì)期間，曲面鏡一直是一種用于產(chǎn)生幻影而不是產(chǎn)生*的把戲裝置，那么我們就會(huì)原諒那些當(dāng)時(shí)把伽利略觀察到的木星衛(wèi)星說成是伽利略用他的小望遠(yuǎn)鏡變出來的人們，何況一片曲面鏡就可歪曲自然，那么伽利略的兩片曲面鏡對(duì)自然的歪曲又該多大呢?
新概念第四冊(cè)課文翻譯及學(xué)習(xí)筆記Lesson33
【課文】
First listen and then answer the following question.
聽錄音，然后回答以下問題。
Why is education democratic in bookless, tribal societies?
Education is one of the key words of our time. A man without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances, deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states 'invest' in institutions of learning to get back 'interest' in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks -- those purchasable wells of wisdom-what would civilization be like without its benefits?
So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births -- but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on 'facts and figures' and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of 'college' imaginable. Among tribal people all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally equipped for life.
It is the ideal condition of the 'equal start' which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no 'illiterates' -- if the term can be applied to peoples without a s cript -- while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England in 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of 'civilized' nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the 'happy few' during the past centuries.
Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parent; therefore the jungles and the savannahs know of no 'juvenile delinquency'. No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to 'buy' an education for his child.
JULIUS E. LIPS The Origin of Things
【New words and expressions 生詞和短語】
adverse adj. 不利的
purchasable adj.可買到的
preacher n. 傳教士
defendant n. 被告
outlook n. 視野
capacity n. 能力
democratic adj. 民主的
tribal n. 部落的
tribe n. 部落
illiterate n. 文盲
compulsory adj. 義務(wù)的
deem v. 認(rèn)為
means n. 方法，手段，財(cái)產(chǎn)，資力
hamper v. 妨礙
savannah n. 大草原
juvenile adj. 青少年
delinquency n. 犯罪
【課文注釋】
1.adverse adj. 不利的, 逆向的, 有害的
例句： The development was adverse to our interests.
這種發(fā)展與我們的利益背道而馳。
【詞義辨析】
opposite, contrary, adverse, reverse, converse這些形容詞均含“相反的、對(duì)立的”之意。
opposite: 指位置、方向、行動(dòng)或想法等完全相反。
contrary: 一般指與某種主張、看法或行為等正好相反，隱含否定一方并不意味著肯定另一方的意味。
adverse: 通常指違害利益的、無生命的勢力或條件等，側(cè)重分歧。
reverse: 指朝相反方向的或反面(背面)的。
converse: 指在方向、行動(dòng)或意見上相反的。
2.deprive of 剝奪, 使失去 ... (權(quán)利)
例句：What will a student do if he were deprived of his books?
一個(gè)學(xué)生如果沒有了書籍，將怎么辦?
deprive vt v. 剝奪, 失去, 免職
例句： We have no right to deprive their life.
我們沒有權(quán)利去剝奪它們的生命。
【詞義辨析】
rob, steal, plunder, deprive這些動(dòng)詞均含“偷，搶，奪”之意。
rob: 常用詞，指用暴力恐嚇或哄騙等非法手段搶奪財(cái)物。
steal: 普通用詞，指暗中行竊。
plunder: 指大規(guī)�；虼蠓秶芈訆Z。
deprive: 多指奪去或扣留別人擁有或可能擁有的有價(jià)值或必需的東西，也可用于指抽象的事物。
3.Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, punctuated by textbooks 這句話中的主語Education與punctuated并不是一種主謂關(guān)系，因此，這句話在語法上被稱作單元句。
punctuate v.
�、偌訕�(biāo)點(diǎn)于
例句：The children have not yet learned to punctuate correctly.
這些小學(xué)生尚未學(xué)會(huì)正確使用標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)
�、趶�(qiáng)調(diào)
例句：He made gestures to punctuate his speech.
他打手勢來強(qiáng)調(diào)他的講話。
③不時(shí)打斷
例句：He punctuated his remarks with thumps on the table.
他講話時(shí)不時(shí)地捶著桌子。
4.So much is certain[b] 有承上啟下的作用，一方面回答了前一段的后一句的提問，另一方面開始列舉沒有教育將會(huì)給社會(huì)文明帶來的影響。
5.[b]lay stress on 強(qiáng)調(diào)(著重, 重視)
例句：They lay too much stress on money.
他們太看重金錢了。
6.capacity n.
�、倌芰�
例句：He has a great capacity for learning languages.
他學(xué)語言的能力很強(qiáng)。
�、谌萘�, 容積
例句：What is the capacity of this jug?
這個(gè)水壺的容積多大?
③職位, 資格
例句：He participated in an unofficial capacity.
他參與了一個(gè)非官方的職位。
She alone was in a capacity to begin the negotiation.
只有她有資格開始談判。
【詞義辨析】
ability, capacity, capability, genius, talent, competence, faculty, gift, aptitude 這些名詞均可表示人的“能力，才能”之意。
ability: 普通用詞，指人先天的或?qū)W來的各種能力。
capacity: 側(cè)重指人的潛在能力，通常不指體力，多指才智，尤指接受與領(lǐng)悟能力。
capability: 多用于人，指勝任某項(xiàng)具體工作的能力，也指本身具有、尚未發(fā)揮的潛在能力。常與of或for連用。
genius: 語氣強(qiáng)，指天賦的高度才能與智力。
talent: 著重指人某方面具有可發(fā)展和培養(yǎng)的突出天賦才能，但語意比genius弱。
competence: 正式用詞，側(cè)重指令人滿意的業(yè)務(wù)能力與水平，達(dá)到勝任某項(xiàng)工作等的要求。
faculty: 指特殊的才能或智力。
gift: 著重個(gè)人的天賦的才能或在某方面的顯著本領(lǐng)，常暗含不能用一般規(guī)律作解釋的意味。
aptitude: 多指先天或后天習(xí)得的運(yùn)用自如的能力，常暗示接受能力強(qiáng)，能迅速掌握一種學(xué)術(shù)訓(xùn)練或藝術(shù)技巧。
7.be fashioned after 按......做成
例句：Her new dress was fashioned after a latest style.
她的新衣服是根據(jù)一種新款式制作的。
8.bind v.
�、偌s束,強(qiáng)迫
例句：I am bound by my promise.
我必須遵守自己的諾言。
The treaty binds each country to reduce pollution levels.
該條約迫使各國減少污染排放。
②捆綁
例句：She bound her hair with a handkerchief.
她用手絹把頭發(fā)扎了起來。
This hint was hard enough to bind my hands.
這個(gè)暗示已經(jīng)夠使我束手無策了。
9.without a s cript 沒有文字的
10.deem v. 認(rèn)為
例句：They were deemed to be illegal immigrants.
他們被認(rèn)為是不法移民。
They deemed that he was no longer capable of managing the business.
他們認(rèn)為他沒有能力再繼續(xù)管理這個(gè)公司了。
11.be entitled to 有權(quán), 有資格
例句：You are entitled to a free lunch.
你們有資格享用免費(fèi)午餐。
You may be entitled to reclaim some of the tax you paid last year.
你或許有權(quán)要求退回去年你交付的部分稅金。
12.hamper vt. 妨礙, 阻止
例句：Our progress was hampered by the bad weather.
我們前進(jìn)時(shí)受到了惡劣天氣的阻礙。
13.juvenile delinquency 青少年犯罪
【參考譯文】
教育是我們這個(gè)時(shí)代的關(guān)鍵詞之一。我們?cè)S多人都相信，一個(gè)沒有受過教育的人，是逆境的犧牲品，被剝奪了20世紀(jì)的優(yōu)越的機(jī)會(huì)之一。現(xiàn)代國家深深懂得教育的重要性，對(duì)教育機(jī)構(gòu)投資，收回的‘利息’便是培養(yǎng)出大批有知識(shí)的男女青年，這些人可能成為未來的棟梁。教育，以其教學(xué)周期如此精心地安排，并以教科書 -- 那些可以買到的智慧源泉 -- 予以強(qiáng)化，如果不受其惠，文明將會(huì)是個(gè)什么樣子呢?
至少，這些是可以肯定的：雖然我們還會(huì)有醫(yī)生和牧師、律師和被告、婚姻和生育，但人們的精神面貌將是另一個(gè)樣子。人們不會(huì)重視‘資料和數(shù)據(jù)’，而靠好記性、實(shí)用心理學(xué)與同伴相處的能力。如果我們的教育制度仿效沒有書籍的古代教育，我們的學(xué)院將具有可以想象得出的民主的形式了。在部落中，通過傳統(tǒng)繼承的知識(shí)為所有人共享，并傳授給部落中的每一個(gè)成員。從這個(gè)意義上講，人人受到的有關(guān)生活本領(lǐng)的教育是相等的。
這就是我們進(jìn)步的現(xiàn)代教育試圖恢復(fù)的“平等起步”的理想狀況。在原始文化中，尋求和接受傳統(tǒng)教育的義務(wù)對(duì)全民都有約束力。因而沒有“文盲”(如果這個(gè)字眼兒可以用于沒有文字的民族的話)。而我們的義務(wù)教育成為法律在德國是在1642年，在法國是在1806年，在英國是在1876年。今天，在許多“文明”國家里，義務(wù)教育迄今尚未實(shí)行。這說明，經(jīng)過了多么漫長的時(shí)間之后，我們才認(rèn)識(shí)到，有必要確保我們的孩子享有多少個(gè)世紀(jì)以來由‘少數(shù)幸運(yùn)者’所積累起來的知識(shí)。
荒涼地區(qū)的教育不是錢的問題，所有的人都享有平等起步的權(quán)利。那里沒有我們今天社會(huì)中的匆忙生活，而匆忙的生活常常妨礙個(gè)性的全面發(fā)展。荒涼地區(qū)的孩子無時(shí)無刻不在父母關(guān)懷下成長。因此，叢林和荒涼地區(qū)不知道什么叫“青少年犯罪”。人們沒有必要離家謀生，所以不會(huì)產(chǎn)生孩子無人管的問題，也不存在父親無力為孩子支付教育費(fèi)用而犯難的問題。
